Lens Crafters Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lens Crafters Case Study - Essay Example The value chain focuses on streamlining both the internal and external factors of the organization and improving on their human resource and product creation. Operation management activities are focused on ensuring an organization addresses specific issues affecting the organization by analyzing the effectiveness of each process undertaken by the organization (Tarun, 2012). Customer experience is improved by how effectively an organization handles both its external and internal operations. In creating an efficient operation administration scheme, one major impediment is creating an evenhanded system monitoring every operation. This could be solved by designing priorities in the operation within the association as Leitner & Sihn (2012) argue. An additional test is how effectual the changes in operation would manipulate customer awareness on an organization. This could be solved by enacting customer research approaches that would allow an organization understand the customer trends in terms of demand and opportunities. Lens Crafters value chain is effective in ensuring that the organization retains a significant competitive advantage in the market. The quality of the value chain has ensured Lens Crafters enjoy a comfortable market position in terms of customer satisfaction. The value chain mostly focuses on putting in place the right human resource team and creating customer satisfaction products. The value chain in Lens Crafters has enabled the organization to monitor and improve on its major operations. The most significant performance measurement strategy on the service delivery design would be consumer reaction and perception of the organization. This could be determined by analyzing the sales or consumer feedback on service delivery. Evaluation of sales and consumer feedback are most appropriate in gauging a service delivery design. The selection of sales numbers is based on the fact that sales depict the accurate consumer perception on a

Block Scheduling vs Periods Essay Example for Free

Block Scheduling vs Periods Essay A small debate has always been discussed when talking about block scheduling and traditional class periods. Some people like the longer classes while others prefer the traditional six shorter class periods. Everyone has their own opinions about block scheduling. Block scheduling can be really helpful to high school students in many ways. Although, block scheduling is a longer time spent in one class, it should be mandatory in all high schools rather than traditional class periods. Block Scheduling is more like college classes, rather than traditional six period classes. There are many ways to schedule with using the block method. One option is the alternating block schedule. Classes meet each day for ninety minutes. Four classes meet on A days, and four meet on B days, with days of the week alternating as A or B. The second method is the semester block scheduling. This allows students to attend just four classes for ninety minutes each day for an entire semester. The following semester students enroll in another four classes. These two methods are the most like college classes. It is good for high school students to experience and get used to the longer time spent in classes to prepare them for college. Block scheduling allows students to take more subjects and cover more material in one class. High school students need to prepare for the future and get used to the way college classes are organized and with the block scheduling they are sure to do that. With the six traditional class periods students only have forty-five to sixty minutes in each class before the bell signals for the next. By the traditional six classes they stay in the same subject all year around. Block scheduling gives two more extra classes to take because of the extra time (Schroth). Many high school students are involved in extracurricular activities at the school they attend. By using the block method, teachers can get most of everything they had planned finished in one class allowing extra time to do class work and students will not have as much homework. Only having four classes cut down on homework rather than six classes all year around. Block scheduling allows teachers to teach less students and can have relationships and get to know each student very well. Students can get direct help from the instructor and can learn more easily (Ediger). This is good for at risk students because it gives them a chance to just focus on a few subjects each semester rather than all year long. In some schools, block scheduling allows students to take dual enrollment at their local community college. By doing this, high school students can get a head start on college classes if they are able (Childers). Many opportunities to help academics can come from the block scheduling method. Block Scheduling allows students who fail a subject the first semester, to retake it the second semester. Many schools have seen test scores increase (Wilson). While students have more time to do daily work instead of homework, teachers have more time for their planning period. It allows more time for more in class projects and individual work between students and the instructor. Many teachers have said that with block scheduling, more discipline problems have decreased. Because traditional scheduling requires changing classes six times a day, students get more chances to start trouble between those classes. With block scheduling you’re only changing three times and there is a less chance of problems between classes (Wilson). Block scheduling does have its disadvantages just like traditional scheduling. Since students will not be going to class daily, some subjects might require drill and practice to stay refreshed on a student’s mind (Schroth). With classes being ninety minutes, students might get tired or bored with the subject they are in and ready to go to the next class. A bad instructor could cause students to not want to go to class for that long of a time. Block scheduling advantages outweighs its disadvantage. It prepares high school students for college. College classes are completely different than high school. Teachers have more time to prepare, teach and individually help each student in class. Discipline issues have decreased because of the less time spent in the hallways. The block method is great for all high schools and preparing students for the future.

Pectinase Production Techniques

Pectinase Production Techniques PECTINASE PRODUCTION ABSTRACT Pectin is found naturally in many plants. Pectinase enzyme has ability to break down pectin. Pectinase production has varying important needs industrially. Hence the production of pectin is important. Pectinase production has developed with the help of genetic engineering and novel strains. Production of alkaline pectinase is more important industrially than the normal pectinase. INTRODUCTION Pectin is structural heteropolysaccharide having esterification to galacturonic acid [1]. It forms aÃŽ ±-1, 4 glycosidic bonds with arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and xylose [1]. It is found in higher plants in the primary cell wall containing different composition of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses and proteins of microfibril that are cross linked which forms the hard tissue structure shape [1]. Pectinase is breaking down of pectin substances by enzymes [1]. It can be divided into different types like pectin esterases, pectin hydrolases, protopectinase and pectin lyases [1]. It can also be divided into alkaline and acid pectinase [1]. Pectin production has become industrially important because of its variety of applications like papermaking, extraction of natural products, textile degumming, juice extraction and clarification and so on [1]. Pectin is observed in plants in middle lamella and primary cell wall. Pectin has a characteristic of gelation which can be divided into high and low methoxy gelation. In 1825 scientist Henri Braconnot first isolated pectin. PECTINASE PRODUCTION USING: GENETIC ENGINEERING The generation of alkaline pectinase through genetic engineering takes place as follows. The first step is the chromosomal DNA separation from a strain used for producing alkaline pectinase, primer designing, and use of PCR to obtain target gene recombinant plasmid construction, Bacillus Subtilis as means of expression, gene sequence measurement and comparative analysis [2, 7, and 8]. By using this method the enzyme activity of the engineered bacteria in the fermentation liquid increased 22 times compared to normal starting strain and the yield achieved was 330U/ml [2]. After optimizing various culture conditions, the enzymatic activity of genetically engineered bacteria is 758.7825U/ml which is 50 times better than using original strain from Luria Bertani fermented media [8]. NOVEL STRAIN Sometimes micro-organisms strain having unique characteristic are used for pectinase production for maximum growth example Aspergillus niger give rise to novel acid pectinase PEC 2 [1]. Consider the strain Penicillium verruculosum TS63-9 have a gene sequence ITSrRNA which makes it useful in production [3]. During fermentation crude enzyme liquid is obtained which is then applicable for production of tobacco [3]. In another case novel strain like Paenibacillus is used for the production of alkaline pectinase [4]. The production takes place in such a way that paenibacillus SJN-PL0602 is first inoculated in the fermentation broth to get initial system of which OD 600 is 0.05 -0.15 [4]. The main fermentation shake cultivation takes place in two phase; in first at 30 -370C for 8 -12 hrs and in second phase at 22 – 260 C for 36- 40 hrs [4]. Red algae or brown red algae were used for the production of ultra pectinase as clearing agents for wine and juices, sometimes ultrapectinase are also extracted from seaweed or waste liquor discharged from seaweed [6].Bacillus subtilis was used for alkaline pectinase production in paper making industry [7]. Pichia pastoris GS115 is also used for alkaline production [9]. Bacillus cereus is used for industrial production of pectinase [10]. UNIQUE PROTEIN For the production of alkaline pectinase a protein Pel N having unique amino acid sequence was used [5]. This protein has enzyme activity of 4590 – 4950 U/mg for degrading polygalacturonic acid, has better heat stability and heat preservation of 120 min at 450C gives 90% of relative heat stability [5]. The optimum temperature is 650 C and p H value of 9.8 [5]. ULTRA PECTINASE The production of ultra pectinase was done in order to replace pectinase and it is nonbiological [6]. Since pectinase is used as clarifying agent it was necessary to replace pectin on industrial scale [6]. The major advantage of ultra pectinase are the raw material are cheap, low investment, process takes place without heating, product output is higher, impurities are isolated, less moisture content is les and it takes place in less than 30 mins than the traditional method of 48 mins [6]. ALKALINE PECTINASE The general steps that are followed during the production of alkaline pectinase the bacterial strain are selected for selective breeding, these strains are cultured, fermentation takes place through shaking and the enzyme liquid preparation takes place [2, 7, and 8]. The production of alkaline pectinase has optimized the culture condition method and they are; the fermentation medium is optimized by taking a single fact experiment, the target strain is optimized by using methods of response surface to get strain of target, the culture condition in the medium is optimized so that the fermentation condition for the target strain is optimized [8]. In a same way nucleotide sequence of alkaline pectinase pel1685s is optimized, this is done by amplification using PCR, transformation and ligation of the pel168 gene [9]. Industrial production of pectinase also takes place in same way as production of alkaline pectinase for high enzyme activity [10]. It’s an advantage in for having high enzyme activity for industrial pectinase production; fermentation period is short, cost is low, time taken is short and stable [10]. APPLICATION OF PECTINASE PRODUCTION Pectin as an enzyme is used industrially for various application some of the specific areas are as follows: Papermaking pulping After pickling treatment the raw material is soaked with alkaline pectinase. The chemical extract prepared has favorable strength and property, after bleaching and chlorine treatment the plump has whiteness of 80-90%, there is 20-40% decrease in alkali consumption and the cost of production is also decreased 20% [7]. Degumming When pectin is used for fiber blast degumming there is about 80% waste reduced, the ration of the finished is about 65%, the ratio of fiber dispersion is 100%there is almost no fiber strength destruction, also the defect in gum ratio is low, the time taken for degumming is also less [10]. Juice making and clarification Pectin is normally found in most of the fruits. Pectin is used in juice clarification in the following way plant material to be provided, plant material need to be chopped and crushed into smaller pieces, taking this small piece and contacting it with pectinase with further clarifies the juice [11]. Also sometimes low temperature pectinase are generated for the production of apple juice. Penicillium aculeatum is used for the generation of low temperature pectinase with the help of shaddock peel powder which acts as a carbon source for clarification of fresh apple juice. The medium used for fermentation is as follows anhydrous CaCl2 0.01%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2%, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 0.2% , peptone 0.5-2% and shaddock peel powder 0.5-2% the p H of medium is maintained at 5.5. a clear apple juice is obtained with the help of fermentation condition like time taken is 75-147 hrs, the inoculums size is 2%, the temperature is maintained at 300 C, the speed of rotation at 3-30 rpm. In these conditions the pectinase of low temperature react with the apple juice at 100, 200 and 300 for 2 hrs to give clarified apple juice [12]. Processing of soybean Pectinase produced by organism bacillus is used in soybean production. The processes takes place in such a way that first the soaking of soybean in water takes place which is further steamed, cooled and allowed to react with pectinase. This is held for some time period agitated further for enzyme treatment. Now slurry is generated from that single cell of soybean is taken and dispersed and the pectinase is inactivated. It is further dried to get soybean powder [13]. CONCLUSION Different production methods of pectinase have been studied. The super or ultra pectinase production method for clearing agents in juices using seaweeds. The use of genetically engineered bacteria for the production of alkaline pectinase and the different optimization methods of culture conditions for the production. The nucleotide sequence used for the production of alkaline pectinase is also optimized. The applications of pectinase especially in the papermaking industry. The production of low temperature pectinase in juice clearing at low temperatures. Specific gene code, nucleotide and protein used for the production of pectinase are used for industrial production of alkaline pectinase.

The Public Market - Company Managers Should be Public Actors Rather than Private Agents :: Public Administration Economics

The Public Market - Company Managers Should be Public Actors Rather than Private Agents ABSTRACT: The marketplace as an institution enjoys widespread popularity today. Many economists hold that most of society’s problems could be best solved by applying the market mechanism to them. Government, by contrast, is widely considered to be a problem rather than a solution. Some would like to see the government restructured along market lines so that policies would follow voter choice, as products follow that of consumers. Some, myself included, believe that a world in which all relationships are rendered matters of private choice would lack the "public happiness" that comes from participation in public discourse and concerted action. In this paper I address what it would mean for the market to be truly public. A market that is truly public will discourage speculative investment so that managers of various firms can concentrate on the long term good of creating a social institution through which the concerted efforts of various stakeholders are coordinated. In this way, stakeholders can enrich the world through their work. The market as an institution enjoys widespread popularity today. It is held by many economists, those of the Chicago School especially, that all social problems — crime, education, health care, and discrimination — are solvable by use of the market mechanism. (1) Politics and government, by contrast, are considered by many to be problems rather than solutions. Some today even seek public office precisely to prevent government from carrying on its functions, because they and their constituencies have lost faith in government and public life. These "conservatives" believe that "privatizing" government functions, by replacing public initiatives and agencies with private firms, will establish new freedom for people to act on market choices rather than to acquiesce in laws and administrative decisions reached through the political process. Others would reconstitute government in a more market-like way, so that political deliberation and decision should follow from "public ch oices" as merchandisers follow the tastes and preferences of customers. For "public choice" theorists, as well, the public character of politics should be replaced by the private decisions of voters/consumers on the options presented them by their erstwhile leaders. (2) The public character of life is being lost. Our society is being structured by the choices of citizens concerned with themselves and their families and acquaintances, rather than with the larger public, which is increasingly but an aggregate of private persons anyway.

Culturally, We Are Becoming More Similar Across the Globe

â€Å"Culturally, we are becoming more similar across the globe† Introduction Apart from complicated definitions of the term â€Å"globalization†, the matter requires focusing on a simple explanation of this concept. Indeed, globalization is recognized as an ongoing process that accompanies with it, noticeably, certain challenges, such as a wide range of integrated communities, regional economics, and cultures, through a wide range of communication and trading. However, still the argument by all experts is corresponding to the theme whereas globalization provides similarity for individuals or not, at the cultural space.This paper articulates an in-depth discussion of this theme. 1- Globalization Even though, globalization may be defined economically as a new integration of the entire global economies through the capital flows, migration, trading, technical spread, and basically foreign direct investment. 2- Culture and Globalization Despite the fact that there are recen tly ongoing political, economic and even cultural uniformitarian of the world, relativism has been raised to the very urgent issues of a philosophical agenda, along with many other various disciplines.There is still the question, which is puzzling that all thoughts related to the concept of whether there is an extension of cultural diversity influence the products and activities of social and philosophizing science or not (Steger, 2009). The opponents of global similarity built their vision on the importance of citizenship, even though the entire world became such a small village. To maintain citizenship reflects the fact of regular movements in many countries, simply to gain rights, and those different rights from other nations.National citizenship has its power and calls for the rights of citizens (Aronowitz, 2003). Lechner (2004), states that one can consider the year 1989 as a representation of citizenship. Even recently, many national movements call for acquiring the full citiz enship, which reflects more rights, responsibilities, and dignities. An example of the global movements is the Arab Spring Revolutions. Globalization, it has took off in 1989 when the exponential growth in the analyses of the global universe began to call for a putative global reconstitution of political, economic, and cultural relationships as well.It has reflected the fact that people were living in a global village, as the struggles for citizenship have brought instantaneously and was living into their various homes (Krishna, 2008). Indeed, the struggles for the citizenship has been seen in the fall of the Berlin Wall along with the crushing of the Pro-Democracy movement in China, were transmitted through the communication systems of global media. 3- Role of Media Indeed, this term, â€Å"New Media† has been defined according to many theories and opinions.Notwithstanding, there are regular debate over its impact and the convergence. To sum up, both â€Å"New Media† and â€Å"Digital Revolution† have been employed interchangeably. Looking at the first term, new media, simply, indicates to profound changes, especially in the electronic communications, which back to 1980s, whereas digital revolution indicates to the influence of this rapid drop in the involved cost and as well this rapid expansion of digital devices’ power, such as telecommunications and computer.Additionally, this change brought with it certain increasing globalization, social and technological transformations, and mainly, these changes in the way by which persons can see themselves and the surrounded world. Most importantly, this rapid change of technological revolution brings with it many challenges, especially which are corresponding with generating social changes focusing on these implicit virtues, values, and vices that are possessed by this rapid changed technology. With the highest change of technological revolution, U.S. A. could evolve with cultural relati vism along with being included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. One more critical point here needed to be clarified. This challenge indicated to the transformation of the elements of cultural relativism. From this theme, U. S. A could expand its power to justify its universalistic ideology. This in turn, involved enhancing, civilizing, and as well liberating the indigenous human in an imperious extension. This is seen obviously in the economical policy of United States in Middle East.Despite all of the dark events and contradicts faced by cultural relativism, it must be put into consideration and again, with in-depth awareness that unlike any of the old generals, the arguments of cultural relativism neither fade away nor die (Dascal, 1991). Again, according to Dascal (1991), there is a necessity of deriving the new future of the theory from the frequently committed fallacy of confusion of cultural relativism with any other cultural diversity or variability.The second ca n be derived from the clear fact that recently there is not just one type of cultural relativism, but instead there are three types. These types must be considered widely when we are interested in adding to the future of cultural relativism. Those types of descriptive, epistemological and normal must be re-designated under the same term to avoid any further confusion. Those three types are not mere analytical acts that are separated, but they are considered historically distinct.The latter element must explicate any adverted results of epistemological relativism to assist this contemporary type of the theory, cultural relativism for more acts anthropologically and full of researches as well (Dascal, 1991). Again, apart from hard criticism of the wrong attitude of this ad, there is still hopefully, a positive evidence that old prejudices are fading with the introduction of each new generation to the rightful thinking, slowly eliminating old habits, thoughts, and actions that have bee n accepted for far too long.Back to the human rights’ principles, still media needs to play strongly, its role in clarifying those principles obviously. Even though, cultural relativism included certain methodological and epistemological claims, which could be found easily in the aforesaid ad; the principle of cultural relativism should not be confused with the ideas of moral relativism, which advocated the theme of claiming relatively to historical, cultural, social, or personal circumstances.Internet, the global money markets, the world travel, the globally recognized brands, the globally organized corporations, and the global celebrities’ living, etc†¦all have spoken of new modes of the social experience, which transcend each nation-state plus to its constitution of the national citizen (Mittelman, 2004). When everyone is seeking to be an actual citizen of the existing national society or to establish his own national society, the term globalization has appeare d to be changing what it is supposed to be a citizen (Ritzer & Atalay, 2010).Globalization appears to involve certain weakening of the social power and such a corresponding development of what is called ‘post-national’ citizenship. Most of the national citizenships are nowadays losing their required grounds to the model of membership, which should be universal and unique. Such a model should include membership, which is located within the increasing of territorialized nations of the extra universal rights of individuals. This post-national citizenship is, particularly, connected with the uest working's growth across various societies, greater global interdependence, which can overlap the memberships of different categories of citizenship. The emergence of universalistic conceptions and rules regarding all human rights have been formalized by all international laws and codes (Smith, 2002). Even though, according to Aronowitz (2003), the contemporary citizenship is known as loosely ‘post-modern’. In fact, there is no modern rational-legal state at all, particularly with any clear monopoly of power, which can be able to deliver unambiguous duties and rights to its citizens who may appear such a nation of strangers.Most importantly, and as mentioned by Krishna (2008), the global processes restructure certain social inequalities, while they are transforming many states into those ‘regulators’ of flows. In addition, brands, corporations, NGOs and many of multi-national ‘states’ have emerged more powerful than mere nation-states. Communities, such as Chinese, have developed no coterminous with the nation states' boundaries. This huge growth of post-national citizenship stem from a wide processes and many institutional arrangements, which are stretching within completely different communities.The result is there is huge variety of citizenships that are emerging in the present world (Lechner, 2004). Many examples of d eveloping of that putative global citizenship, which can be articulated from the global media attitudes. Looking at the global mass media, one can figure out its consideration of citizenship as having necessitated certain symbolic resources, which have been distributed through different means of communication. There is an obvious theme of cultural citizenship, which is corresponding to the rights of all social groups, such as age, ethnic, gender, and sexual to full cultural participation within their communities.As to responsibilities and duties of global world, there is a theme, which demonstrates a stance of cosmopolitanism towards many other cultures, environments, and other citizens (Ritzer, 2010). Such cosmopolitanism involves either consuming such environments across the globe completely or even refusing to so consume those environments. Media plays its role professionally in this regard, while it is producing certain images as well as information, which provide solid means by which nature has come to be recognized as seriously threatened has become such a widely shared belief recently.Dramatically, the existence of the global networks and the huge flows can involve curious hybrids of the once-separate private and public spheres. The result will be an increase overlap between the private and public spheres, therefore on the other hand, between great issues of citizenship along with the nature of the contemporary consumerism (Macionis & Plummer, 2012). Most preciously, culture and cultural policies that crisscross the private and public spheres are however, representing challenges of citizenship. ConclusionGlobalization accompanies new themes, which may be contradicted with original culture and principles of citizens. Many appeals within the recent global media are interested strongly with the development of a sense of planetary responsibility, instead of that responsibility for certain locales. This is considered, relatively a new notion and, particularl y one, which appears to distinguish all humans from other known species. The previous citizenships have been focused on antagonism between humans who are inside and those others who are outside, upon defining those non-citizens, the other, or those enemies.This reflects, simply, the fact that no similarity through the globe at all. References Aronowitz, S. (2003) Implicating empire: globalization and resistance in the 21st century world order, Basic Books. Dascal, M. (1991) Cultural Relativism and Philosophy: North and Latin American Perspectives, Leiden: BRILL. Krishna, S. (2008) Globalization and postcolonialism: hegemony and resistance in the twenty-first century, Rowman & Littlefield. Lechner, F. (2004) The globalization reader, Wiley-Blackwell. Macionis, J. & Plummer, K. , 2012, Sociology: A Global Introduction. th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, pp 165-169. Mittelman, J. (2004) Whither globalization? : the vortex of knowledge and ideology, Routledge. Ritzer, G. 201 0, Globalization: A Basic Text, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp243-276. Ritzer, G. & Atalay, 2010, Readings in Globalization: Key concepts and Debates, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp307-424. Smith, J. (2002) Globalization and resistance: transnational dimensions of social movements, Rowman & Littlefield. Steger, M. 2009: Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp71-83.

Mobile Phones Essay

Mobile phones have had such a large impact in our modern twenty-first century societies, that they have become part and parcel of our daily lives. Nowadays, it has become the norm in our towns and villages to see people who are busy tapping on their cell phones. Mobile phones have changed the way people communicate. These devices are carried anywhere people go because they are light and easy to carry around, such that everyone is constantly in touch with others. This is very different from when home and work telephones were the only means of communication. Nowadays, people can call each other using their mobile phones wherever they are as long as there is reception, regardless of the country they are in. This can be life-saving when emergency calls are needed, while also very useful to communicate with work colleagues, family and friends. Furthermore, mobile phones have also given birth to text messages, which are found to be more convenient than phone calls, because they can be answered at the receiver’s convenience without being disturbed. Read more:Â  Essay on Use of Mobile Phones by Students Smart phones are the latest kind of mobile devices, which have been available for only a couple of years. These phones continue to enhance our communication, mainly by using the internet for third party services, such as chatting and social networking sites. Moreover, these phones can be used for a multitude of other things, such that they are able to have the function of a computer, a music player, a camera, a video camera, a gaming console and a diary, among other uses. Mobile phones have also been of a disadvantage to their users. People in modern societies are often found to be addicted to their cell phones. They check if they have any new message over and over again, even when they are out with their friends or when they are on a date. Firstly, this obsession shows lack of manners because mobile phones are given more importance than the person in front of them. Secondly, this lack of priorities can often be dangerous, for example while driving. The latest smart phones could be very expensive. Even though there are a variety of affordable cell phones and smart phones, some people, most often youths, spend hundreds of Euros every year to buy the latest smart phone, although having only a small improvement over the previous one. Generally, this is a result of persuasive and costly advertising made by giant manufacturers. Furthermore, this has also been a common subject for bullying in schools. Mobile phones have obviously made people’s work and personal life much easier. As long as these are used with caution and moderation, cell phones do not have any particular negative impact on people’s lifestyle and health.