Why Were Jews Singled Out - 798 Words

Why were the Jews singled out? It’s difficult to imagine a society where millions upon millions are murdered because of their religion and race. According to A Teacher’s Guide to the Holocaust â€Å"Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy† (â€Å"Victims†). Not only did they get killed because they were Jews. Some people were undesirable by Nazi standards because of who they were their genetic or cultural origins, or health conditions. These included Jews, Gypsies, Poles and other Slavs, and people with physical or mental disabilities. Others were Nazi victims because of what they did. These victims of the Nazi regime included Jehovahs Witnesses, homosexuals, the dissenting clergy, Communists, Socialists, a socials, and other political enemies† (victims†). They didn’t consider Jews as a race they consider it as a religion. According to the Jewish virtual library â€Å"Hitler focused his propaganda ag ainst the Versailles Treaty, the November criminals, the Marxists and the visible, internal enemy No. 1, the Jew, who was responsible for all Germanys domestic problems. In the twenty-five-point programme of the NSDAP announced on 24 February 1920, the exclusion of the Jews from the Volk community, the myth of Aryan race supremacy and extreme nationalism were combined with socialistic ideas of profit-sharing and nationalization inspired by ideologues like Gottfried Feder. Hitlers first written utterance on political questions dating fromShow MoreRelatedA Teachers Guide to the Holocaust843 Words   |  3 Pages000 to 12,702,000 people were executed in the period of 1942-1945. That is killing 2,109,250 to 3,175,500 people a year! A majority of the people familiar with the Holocaust think that only Jewish people were persecuted when in fact there were many more groups of people, these groups included Slavs, Serbs, Soviet POWs, Romani people, colored people, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, Spanish republicans, Gypsies, the mentally ill, and Jehovahs witnesses. These people were executed because theyRead MoreThe Nazi Party and The Holocaust Essay610 Words   |  3 Pagessent to prison for treason. Even after he got out, he worked with the government of Germany. He even rose to be the Dictator of Germany, with the luck of the last leaders passing. He blamed others for his struggle. He passed laws, to make it legal to descriminate and to single out groups of people, races, and religions. During the Holocaust, terrible and devistating things happened. Jews, and other races, religions, and eve people were singled out and killed. AEs History of the Holocoust wouldRead MoreWhy was the world silent during the Holocaust?859 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Why was the world silent during the Holocaust? By: Mary Katherine Mayes and Sarah Grace Whitt Gadsden Middle School Hitler had an invincible ally without whom he could have never flourished. His ally was the world that chose to endure silence as Germany kept challenging the boundaries of the universal acceptance for its evil actions. The Holocaust didnt begin with crematoria. Hitler moved gradually, carefully intensifying his anti-Jewish guidelinesRead MoreRobert Paxtons Ideas Of Fascism1263 Words   |  6 Pagesmore plausibly linked to a set of ‘mobilizing passions’ that shape fascist action than to a consistent and fully articulate philosophy.† We can see these â€Å"mobilizing passions† being portrayed in the excerpts that we watched in class from The Eternal Jew and Triumph of the Will. These two films are very different, but they show how a group of people can be persuaded to think a certain way. They show two approaches to propaganda that can be equally as effective. This essay will show how these two filmsRead MoreSingling Out the Jewish People743 Words   |  3 Pageshated the Jews, we see this in World War II with the Holocaust. The Holocaust started in 1933 when Hitler rose to power; he made a plan in 1941 which was to eradicate the whole Jewish population. Hitler called this plan the â€Å"Final Solution† (An Introductory History of The Holocaust). Why did Hitler and the Nazis single out the Jews for genocide? And in what ways did the Nazis single them out? Well first off, Hitler and the Nazis weren’t the first people to treat the Jews poorly; they were just theRead MoreTargeting Jews for Genocide Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesTargeting Jews for Genocide When discussing The Holocaust, our minds tend to jump straight to the genocide of the Jewish populations of Europe. This is because of the approximate 11 million people killed during The Holocaust; roughly 6 million of them were Jews. Many people are now left to wonder why Hitler and the Nazi Party specifically targeted the Jews for genocide. The main reason was because the Nazi Party took the idea of nationalism to an extreme, new level. Hitler also thought the Jews wereRead MoreWhy Is Karl Marx So Anti Semitic?805 Words   |  4 PagesIf we were to read On the Jewish Question by Karl Marx for the first time we would probably ask Why is Karl Marx so anti-Semitic?†. If you wanted to read Marx just for fun than yes it would see so, but if you were a serious reader than you would know this is not true. The questions any reader should ask him/or herself is what did nineteenth-century Germans mean by the Jewish question? What did the phrase mean to Marx? What was Marx s own expe rience of Jews and Judaism outside his immediateRead More Anti-Semitism Essay - Martin Luther as Spiritual Icon for Adolf Hitler1172 Words   |  5 Pagescenturies. This hatred manifested itself in the frenzy of Nazism and the deaths of six million Jews, the Holocaust as it has come to be known. If someone were to reveal an eight step plan for the removal of Jews from European society, one would readily associate such a plan with Adolf Hitler. One would not, however, think also of Martin Luther, though he himself wrote an essay in 1543 entitled Concerning the Jews and their Lies outlining such a plan. This is not to suggest that Luther was akin to HitlerRead MoreAre Boycotts So Legal?733 Words   |  3 Pages strident and appropriate. Others questioned: Why the obsession with Israel? Considering all the non-democratic, non-feminist, and non-free religion, free speech and free press countries, why Israel? Israel is the only country in the Middle East to provide equal rights to women and all members of the LBGTQ community, to guarantee freedom of press and religion, and to safeguard the opportunity to vote, regardless of ethnicity. In fact, Jews, Christians and Muslims all serve in Israel’s governmentRead MoreWho Is Responsible For The Holocaust?1012 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Arrival in Auschwitz is a defining moment in your life. The doors open, you are thrown out, greeted by barking dogs, screaming figures with whips, a stench of burning flesh and a glow of fire† (Harding). Hart-Moxon’s vivid memories of violence stayed with her a lifetime. If a person was fortunate to survive the agony of the Holocaust, one was left battered, broken, and in most cases asking why. Although the Jews, polit ical dissidents, homosexuals, and other groups targeted by the Nazis will never

Alcohol Alcoholism And Alcohol Abuse Essay - 1319 Words

Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are different, although they have several connected characteristics, including genetics, how you were raised, social environment, and emotional health. Some of the following are indicators of alcohol abuse e.g., craving alcohol, having tried to quit in the past, but could not, spending longer time drinking than you expected, or continuing to drink even though it causes trouble with family or friends. An alcoholic is someone who has no control over alcohol and is unable to live a normal or healthy life; consequently, it causes a psychological and physical dependence upon alcohol. Alcoholics typically experience physical withdrawals when not drinking. Both disorders have a significant attribute for risky behavior e.g., drinking and driving or unsafe sex. Alcohol distresses all parts of the body, particularly the brain, pancreas, liver, and heart. Hereditary factors attribute to whether the individual has a propensity towards alcohol abuse, while studies indicate that there is a greater risk factor if there is a family history of substance abuse. Lineages can transport a gene that makes individuals more susceptible to becoming an alcoholic. This is only part of the calculation; the other takes account our environment â€Å"Our hereditary behaviors interact with our environment to form the basis of our decisions.† (www.addictioncenter.com) some people are more sensitive to stress and use alcohol as a way of soothing their self. Individuals thatShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism and Alcohol Abuse1492 Words   |  6 Pagesmortality rates due to alcohol-related accidents and health issues are close to 35,000† (â€Å"Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse). This fact explains how many problems come along with alcohol abuse, and tell about health issues and accidents that could be caused by alcohol. Alcohol can be very dangerous and threaten the lives of people even if they are not the one consuming alcohol. Wrecks often happen and kill innocent people as a result of people drinking and driving. There are many alcohol related deaths inRead MoreAlcoholism and Alcohol Abuse1082 Words   |  5 Pagesan addiction to alcohol. This drug can be a mild to chronic addiction and sometimes can turn out fatal for some people (Chakraburtty). Almost 100,000 people have died from overusing this drug (Chakraburtty). Alcoholism and alcohol abuse is not only damaging emotionally, physically, and mentally to the person who is doing it, but to the people around them as well. Both alcoholism and alcohol abuse are each categorized as different cases. Alcohol abuse is different from alcoholism because people whoRead MoreAlcoholism And Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Essay1891 Words   |  8 Pagesconsumers of alcohol do not suffer adverse consequences. Individuals with excessive drinking patterns, nevertheless, have an elevated risk for alcohol-linked problems ranging from social to health issues. Alcohol abusers are a sub-population of alcoholic or alcohol-dependent individuals. However, the terms â€Å"abuse of alcohol† and â€Å"alcohol dependence† are dissimilar (Harford Muthen, 2001). Consequently, alcohol abusers may drink excessively without being dependent. In addition, alcohol abuse includesRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Abuse1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe alcohol abuse definition is similar to alcoholism in that in both cases alcohol is causing harm to the drinker s life and those around them. The difference is that those who abuse alcohol, but are not yet alcoholics, typically can put some limitations on their drinking and they have not yet become physically addicted to alcohol. The key to the alcohol abuse definition is not in the amount of alcohol consumed but on how it affects an individual. Alcohol abuse is a psychiatric diagnosis in whichRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism1446 Words   |  6 Pageswork, a person should understand the effects of alcohol, not only on an individual, but also the effects on the families. Alcohol is one of the many substances that people use and abuse. Since alcohol is legal for any one over the age of twenty-one, many people begin drinking and then develop an addiction to the substance (Goldberg, 2016). Alcoholism effects people of all ages, background, social status, or ethnic group (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2016). A social worker should understand howRead MoreEssay on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse2432 Words   |  10 PagesAlcohol is the numb er one drug problem among America’s youth. More senior high school students use alcohol than any other psychoactive drug. Family doctors, pediatricians, schoolteachers, and parents know that alcohol is overwhelmingly the drug of choice among today’s youth, although trendier substances such as cocaine are often given more attention in the headlines (Carla Felsted, p. vii). Furthermore, it is widely acknowledged that drinking alcohol is a part of the youth culture in America;Read MoreAlcohol Abuse Should Not Be Confused With Alcoholism Or Alcohol Dependence950 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol abuse should not be confused with alcoholism or alcohol dependence. It is important to note the difference between the three. It is predicted that alcohol abuse affects individual physically, emotionally, and psychologically. Although some psychological, physical and economical effects may occur with both, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence (alcoholism) for the purpose of this pa per the alcohol abuse is the main focus. Introduction Alcohol abuse is a serious disease that impacts individualRead More Alcohol Abuse: Alcoholism as a Disease Essay2176 Words   |  9 PagesThe problem of alcohol abuse has been recognized for thousands of years, but only more recently have we begun to see alcohol addiction as a treatable disorder. According to the Classical Disease Model of `Alcoholism, habitual use of alcohol can be identified as a disease. Websters Dictionary defines the concept of `disease as follows: Any departure from health presenting marked symptoms; malady; illness; disorder. Therefore, as many occurrences of alcohol excess provoke such symptoms, it isRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Is A Big Part Of The Society Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol has been a big part of the society. It is how people socialize whether they are a business meeting, a party, a bar, and many more places and events. They tend to consume alcohol without knowing and questioning how much they have had. A huge amount of the population have not asked themselves this question, â€Å"Do I know what a standard drink is?† According to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism’s (NIAAA) booklet Rethinking Drinking, â€Å"Many people are surprised to learn what countsRead MoreAlcoholism : A Growing Problem1468 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism Alcoholism is a growing problem in today s society. What is alcoholism? Is it a disease? What are the causes of it? What toll does alcohol abuse have on individuals? American society? American economy? What kind of treatments are available to reduce/cure alcoholism? What is alcoholism? Alcoholism is a physical or psychological need for an alcoholic beverage, which is taken for non-medical reasons and produces a noticeable effect on the body (Sheen 93). People develop the need for alcohol

Aging Literature Free Essays

This literature review addresses several issues related to the study of aging. Theoretical perspectives, research methods, and current controversies are reviewed. One issue that has beset the development of research on aging is a definition of old age (Scanzoni Scanzoni, 1988, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now 549). Research in the United Kingdom and the United States has found that the older a person is in a chronological sense, the later is the chronological age at which that person tends to think old age begins. The concept of old age also is affected by social stratum: lower-status persons, as an example tend to think that old age begins in the fifties, while higher-status persons tend to think that old age begins around age 65. Advances in medical science and technology have led to increased life spans for an increasing proportion of the population; however, social development has not kept pace (Scanzoni Scanzoni, 1988, p. 549). Thus, many among the growing numbers of older people lead increasingly less rewarding lives. Further, the increasing numbers of persons in the population aged 65 or older demand that research into aging develop methods that address the differences among age groupings within the 65 and over classification. There also is a subjective context to aging (Scanzoni Scanzoni, 1988, p. 550). Younger people tend to perceiving old age differently from older people, at a general level, and at a specific level all persons do not age . . . ehavior will be evaluated in the context of one’s basic beliefs. If these basic beliefs are unrealistic or irrational, one’s expectancies will likely also tend to be unrealistic and irrational. Adaptation enables an individual to understand the surrounding environment (McDougall, 1995, pp. 26-27). Adaptation occurs through the functioning of the mental processes of assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation involves the perception and interpretation of new information within the context of existing knowledge and understanding. Accommodation is a more advanced process that involves the restructuring of mental organization in order to include new nformation. The ecological approach to psychology is a functional approach. In this approach, psychological problems are construed as instances of adaptation. Ecological science defines perception as an awareness of one’s environment. The focus in on a being’s vertical experience. Vertical experience implies that an environment permits a being to both live and reproduce. The environme nt is integral to this definition of perception, because varieties of meaningful experience cannot be studied as instances of perception unless an environmental component is integral to the being How to cite Aging Literature, Papers

Competitive Strategy Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy and Tactics. Answer: Introduction Many businesses today fail because of failure to formulate and implement a well-thought strategy. Some follow the success of others and thrive for a short while before falling flat. The key denominator is that they lack a clear business strategy. So what is a business strategy? The term strategy comes from a Greek word "Stratego" which in essence means the art of war (Porter 2008). In simple logic, businesses are at war and to win they must devise a plan to outcompete their rivals. The tactics employed by the businesses to keep them thriving make up a strategy. In recent times, however, the tactics have themselves been construed to mean strategy. Tactics, like being a low-cost provider, employing a global approach, rapid response or being a first mover among others merely, represent simple moves within the bigger strategy (Pulaj 2015). Strategy The Key Ideas from the e-learning material on strategy The key ideas include the ability to differentiate between tactics and a strategy. A business is expected to bring out its hidden strengths to outdo their competitors. Good business leaders are required to develop complex tactics that ensure the success of their organizations. To do this they require well-thought strategies. A good strategy identifies the target market. It also identifies the unique values that the business brings to win the market (Kryscynski 2015). According to Pulaj (2015), a good strategy identifies the resources and capabilities required to provide the unique value to the market. Resources include talented human capital, available funds, and superior technology among others while capabilities include unique and innovative ways to bring out value to the market. Lastly, a good strategy should be sustainable in providing value to the market in a way that provides barriers to imitation or replication by competitors. Competitive strategies featured include cost leadership. This is where company devices innovative ways to produce their goods and services to the market at a lower price than the competitors. Another strategy is mass production. This strategy allows a company to enjoy economies of scale thereby spreading the cost per unit of the product. This allows the product to be much less costly in the market. This is effective where the products are direct substitutes in the market and where the switching cost of customers is low (Kryscynski 2015). Market segmentation is a competitive strategy that allows a company to only focus on either an unexploited customer base or lure the customers already using another product by providing a lower cost to switch. Figure 1. Competitive Strategies. Adapted from Porter (2008) Another competitive strategy is differentiation. In this strategy, a company provides unique products to a particular group of customers at a price premium. The company IKEA for instance only targets the young people to sell their furniture. It may also involve creating a unique brand that for a particular group with similar socioeconomic traits (Kryscynski 2015). Focus strategy is one of the generic strategies where a company employs two tactics that is either cost focus or differentiation focus. In cost focus, the company targets a segment of people who have unique buying traits while in differentiation focus the company targets customers with unique needs. Other strategies include intended strategy, emergent strategy, and realized strategy. Finally, Integral supplier relationship is also a key to thriving in the market as is good timing to execute the strategy (Porter 2008). An organization which would benefit from the application of these ideas and how the ideas should be applied The choice of the company here is Xero, a firm that sells accounting package software to businesses in Australia. Despite the fact that there are currently over 2 million businesses in the Small and Medium Enterprise sector, Xero has managed to garner less than a quarter of the market share (Tadros 2016). Xero could benefit from identifying their valuable market instead of going point blank at all the businesses. This could help it develop the unique attributes that the customers desire. Xero could also advance on the supplier relationship idea. This would help it distribute their product to more customers in the market. The idea of outsourcing the distribution of the product would also allow them to concentrate on their core function that is product design (Baroto, Abdulla and Wan 2012). Another idea Xero could benefit from would be the differentiation idea. There are many competitors in the market selling accounting packages such as Intuit, MYOB, Sage, Oracle-NetSuite, Saasu and many others. This would be achieved by identifying the market needs in accounting and developing a superior product at a premium price (Tadros 2016). The aspect of timing is essential to a company like Xero, at a time when many businesses are using their mobile devices to do business, Xero could develop accounting application capable of working offline to ensure the security of data. This will prevent the competitors from executing this idea and driving them out of business (Porter 2008). The idea of cost leadership would also benefit Xero. This is because with many competitors and the switching cost being low as they are, they need to come up with a unique way to produce their software at low cost and extend the benefits to customers to enjoy more market share. Branding and unique identity would also enable them to reach a large number of customers who have not migrated to accounting packages. Business Model Innovation In the business model innovation, the following key ideas were extracted from the e-learning exercise. To begin with, innovation in businesses is a continuous exercise that happens all the time. In addition, innovation serves two purposes. On one hand, it lowers the cost of producing goods and services thereby enabling the competitive advantage of the company. On the other hand, it increases the value of a product or service. This effectively creates brand loyalty and increases the barrier to entry for new businesses and increased switching cost to customers by existing businesses (Gassman 2013). Another idea extracted is that successful innovators learn from others and recombine the ideas learned into their own organization. Also, a good business model takes into account four key areas. The first one is the target customer. This helps to establish how to win the customer over. The second aspect is what to offer the customer. This is where business analytics becomes handy to be able to identify gaps in the market and how to fill the gaps. Research and development also help in studying the market as well as developing unique products (Pulaj 2015). Thirdly, a good business model innovation identifies how to create a value proposition and fourthly identifies how to generate revenue. A good innovation model changes at least two of the four aspects that are customer, product, value proposition or revenue generation. An exemplary way to innovate is to create a need by selling primary items at a low price and the secondary item at a premium price. The steps to creating a business model include innovation, ideation, integration and implementation (Gassman 2013). To increase the chances of business model success, the model should be introduced one at a time, gather management support, one should communicate to avoid resistance to change as 70% fail due to resistance and finally to not overemphasize on short term Key performance indicators (Gassman 2013). Organizations can benefit from learning what others do and applying that knowledge to suit them. Some business models such as the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) model can be applied to help businesses develop products at different cycle levels and also increase their current revenue without sacrificing their future (Stern and Deimler 2012). It is also important that organizations do not lose track of their future by overemphasizing the present business. This will ensure that they survive in the long-term even when there is a disruption in the market. One way to achieve this is research in and observing market trends (Pulaj 2015). An organisation which would benefit from the application of these ideas and how the ideas should be applied The organization of choice here is Optus Communication Company in Australia. The company offers telecommunication, data, and home entertainment services. However, it faces stiff competition from market leader Telstra and Vodafone commanding about 25% of the market share (Buddle 2016). One way the ideas would benefit Optus would be to innovate its services by fiercely introducing mobile payment system. This would act to as a bait and switch method to enjoy customer loyalty. Optus could also start offering its mobile phones at a low price or for free but ensure the phones can only operate through their network. The customers would have to use their network hence help them gain more market share. The company could also consider using innovative ideas such as using mobile telephone agent system as a way to outsource nonessential business like distribution (Porter 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, there are many ways through which businesses can thrive in the market. One is by crafting well-thought strategies, ensuring they use their internal resources to Match the external threats and through innovation to mention but a few. This paper looks at these key areas in depth and gives a way forward into implementing them. References Baroto, M., Abdullah, M. and Wan, H. (2012). Hybrid Strategy: A New Strategy for Competitive Advantage. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(20), pp.40-60. Budde, P. (2016). Australia - Telco Company Profiles - Telstra, Optus and Vodafone - BuddeComm. [online] Budde.com.au. Available at: https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Australia-Telco-Company-Profiles-Telstra-Optus-and-Vodafone [Accessed 1 May 2017]. Gassman, O. (2013). Business Model Innovation. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI [Accessed 1 May 2017]. Kryscynski, D. (2015). What is Strategy?. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw [Accessed 1 May 2017]. Porter, M. (2008). Competitive advantage. 1st ed. New York: Free Press. Pulaj, E. (2015). The Impact of Generic Competitive Strategies On Organizational Performance. The Evidence From Albanian Context. European Scientific Journal, 11(1857), pp.274-276. Stern, C. and Deimler, M. (2012). The Boston Consulting Group on Strategy. 1st ed. Somerset: Wiley, pp.60-82. Tadros, E. (2016). QuickBooks users jump by 60pc but Xero, MYOB remains leaders. [online] Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr.com/business/accounting/quickbook-users-jump-by-60pc-but-xero-myob-remains-leaders-20160929-grrwm0 [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Why People Visit Websites Essay Example

Why People Visit Websites Essay List at least five reasons why people visit Web sites. †¢Learn about products or services that the company offers †¢Buying products or services that the company offers †¢Obtaining information about warranty, service, or repair policies for products purchased †¢Obtaining general company or organization information †¢Obtaining financial information for making an investment in the compnay or organization †¢Identifying the people that manage the organization Obtaining contact information for a person or department in the organization 2. What are the guidelines that must be followed by Web designers when creating a Web site that is intended to meet the specific needs of customers? †¢Design the site around how visitors will navigate the links, not based on companys organization structure †¢Allow visitors to access information quickly Avoid using inflated marketing statements in product or service descriptions †¢Avoid using business jargon and terms the user may not understand †¢Build the site to work for visitors who are using the oldest browser software on the oldest computer connected through the lowest bandwidth connectioneven if this means creating multiple versions of webpages †¢Be consistent in the use of design features Make sure the navigation controls are clearly labeled or otherwise recognizable †¢Test text visually on smaller monitors †¢Check to make sure that color combinations do not impair viewing clarity for color-blind visitors †¢Conduct usability tests by having potential site users navigate through several versions of the site. 3. List five goals that businesses should meet when constructing a Web site, so that it successfully conveys an integrated image and offers information to potential customers. Offer easily accessible information about hte organization †¢Allow visitors to experince the site in different ways / at different levels †¢Provide vistors with a meaningful two-way (interactive) communication link with the organization †¢Sustain visitor attention and encourage return visits †¢Offer easily accessible information about products and services and how to use them 4. An effective site is one that creates an attractive presence that meets the objectives of the business or organization.List at least five common objectives. †¢Attract visitors to the site †¢Make site interesting enough for users to explore †¢Convince users to follow sites links to obtain information †¢Create an impression consis tent with the organizations desired image †¢Build trusting relationship with visitors †¢Reinforce positive images that the visitor may already have had about the organization †¢Encourage visitors to return to the site We will write a custom essay sample on Why People Visit Websites specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why People Visit Websites specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why People Visit Websites specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Cultural Revolution in China essays

The Cultural Revolution in China essays The Cultural Revolution that took place in China can be considered to be one of the most important experiences of the 20th century. It represented the result of a series of contextual events that marked the emergence of the phenomenon, and in its turn, it influenced the future evolution of events, to this day. In order to proper understand the complexity of the issue, it is important to analyze the event from a historical perspective. At the same time however, although the approach is chronological, there are essential issues that must be stressed out. Therefore, the events that took place in the late 1960s and the first half of the 1970s had important internal and external causes that should be pointed out for a comprehensive perception of the historical context. Next, the logical evolution of the paper focuses on the actual manifestations of what became known as the Great Cultural Revolution. Finally, aiming to offer a complex image of the entire political, economic, social and cultural of this phenomenon, the focus is on the actual effects of the revolution on all walks of life. As a conclusion, it is important to point out the necessity of an overview from multiple perspectives. The historical context of the revolution had in fact deep rooted components that defined the historical atmosphere both after the end of the war, and prior to the May16th 1966 manifesto. There are two different perspectives that must be taken into account. On the one hand there is the matter of internal factors, and on the other, the elements that determined the phenomenon to emerge and develop from the exterior. According to some scholars, the totalitarian regime in China emerged as a reaction against the countrys political disintegration during the early part of the twentieth century. This response followed the failure of the Nationalists to build up a unified party and a reintegrated polity soon enough to withstand t...

The common law and equity Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The common law and equity - Case Study Example Equity's impact remains as strong as ever and traces down its foundation to Norman Conquest. Equity to the layman means fairness and justice, but in the legal context its meaning is much more strictly defined. There are rules of equity which must be obeyed. Like any common law, its development may appear equally inflexible and rigid1. Its rights gave foundation to many modern laws and the remedies are daily used by the legal practitioner of the 1990s. Therefore, it plays a substantial role in (British) English legal system. It is a historical creation with modern usage. It is not a pre-conceived theory rather equity is delineated by a series of historical events.2. In the medieval period the chancellor was the most important person in the country next to the king himself. By varying existing writs or inventing new ones, the chancellor could have some influence on the development of the law. Slapper, G. and D. Kelly (2006) said that the common law system develops whereby a civil dispute had to be brought before the appropriate Royal Court by a writ. A claimant could only sue at common law, if only his complaint came within the scope of an existing writ. In the thirteen century, available writs covered very narrow ground. Even if the claim came within the scope of an existing writ, but only due to some reason, such as the power and influence of the defendant, the opponent could not get justice before a common law court. Latter the petition was used to obtain relief where the common law was inflexible and incapable of providing a remedy. Hanbury & Martin (2005) argued that the common law developed into a comprehensive system, but a litigant could only sue at common law if his complaint came within the scope of an existing writ. However, the systems quickly became rigid because judges, feared a flood of actions as a result of the popularity of the royal justice, which stopped issuing new forms of action. As a result, this attitude proved to be a major obstacle to the development of new rules and principles. By thirteen century, hurt litigants filed a petition to the chancellor, to find a more justified solution to their problem. Chancellor was trying to give relief in tough cases, and the medieval chancellor was peculiarly well fitted for this work. If the petition was successful, the chancellor's conclusion would usually be different from that of common law court. Otherwise the matter would have been litigant at common law court. As a consequence, the growth of these petitions rose. The decisions were made on the basis of fairness and reason and so the notion of 'equity' was founded. The common law tradition grew in to the ELS3 through a long process of rationalization of traditions, customs and local practices, during medieval time. The Anglo-Saxon customs were there before the Norman Conquest, but afterwards were joined with Royal Justice in a consolidation of 'local laws' and a vast body of judicial decisions have been built up which resulted in the forms of the present laws. The common law has developed by the judges during and after this century. Customs have a strong influence, which seemed ceased, in forming the new laws. When equity originally developed, gave a gloss to the common

Freedom Writers and the Economics of Race and Gender Essay - 1

Freedom Writers and the Economics of Race and Gender - Essay Example It also touches upon the economics of race and gender. On a cursory viewing the story looks deceptively simple. But when the storyline, screenplay and other nuances in the film are observed, numerous interpretations are made available. Embedded within it are themes of economics, especially that applying to race and gender. Moreover, what comes through the narrative is the strength of character and commitment shown by Erin Gruwell as she undertakes to set right a challenging group of students. For example, â€Å"She encounters a diverse but segregated community so racially charged, hostile and potentially combustible that she likens it to Nazi Germany. Without the support of her administrators (played by Imelda Staunton and others) and the school system, which views teenagers more as threats than scholars, Miss Gruwell devises her own methods for reaching students. She begins educating them about other young people who've endured wars, like Anne Frank, and simultaneously gives them journals so that they can tell their own stories, thus, giving each person a voice and a sense of value.† (Mayo, 2007, p.43) Another test of character and commitment for Erin was the divisions within the classroom on the basis of race, ethnicity and class. The term 'Economics of Gender and Race' is usually employed by economists to talk about disparities in income and work opportunities among different races and the two genders. In the American context, these disparities are skewered in favor of white Americans, especially the White Anglo Saxon Protestant (WASP) group. The whites generally have a head-start in terms of standard of living they are born into, career opportunities they can avail of, neighborhoods they can inhabit, etc. Also, on average, whites earn more income than other minority groups. A similar disparity exists among the genders, where males are favored for both positions of high office and in the incomes they earn. In the movie Freedom Writers, the classroom under the charge of Erin Gruwell is a representative collage of these realities. There we see white pupils born to well-to-do parent s (who also perform better in exams) contrasted against pupils from minority communities such as blacks and Hispanics, who are projected to be disorganized and less disciplined (indicative of their socio-economic backgrounds). The microcosm of the classroom is a reflection of larger realities in American society. The semblance to reality is all the more so because the movie was based on the real life story of an American teacher of the same name – Erin Gruwell; and the school she works for Wilson High School. (Pimentel, 2010, p.51) Hence only a person of impeccable force of character and commitment could have overcome these many disparities and bring out the creative energies. Any other ordinary teacher in Erin’s place would have utterly failed in uniting and pacifying the group of students. What moves the story forward are a) a racially motivated shoot-out involving members of the class and b) the interception by Erin of a racially-loaded drawing in the classroom boar d. This is a crucial juncture in the movie from where the students will embark on a creative, developmental journey. Instead of indulging themselves in gang-wars and wasting their lives, by recording and exchanging their experiences they would gain insights into other perspectives and viewpoints. Erin struggles to procure necessary stationary for students' writing projects - since the class is largely comprised of minority students, their lower socio-economic background meant that they cannot buy stationary supplies with their own money. Erin’s out-of-the-box thinking helps her to transform the attitude of her pupils. The proof of her

Scaling Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scaling Study - Essay Example The study is seen to be useful by instructors as feedback about their teaching, by students to select a particular course, and by university administrators for use in employee selection. The questionnaire is reliable in that the students were given the questionnaire at the end of the teaching session. The comments about instructor and course and suggestions about how to improve the course further establish the validity of the questionnaire. The students seem to be in a better position to comment and criticize the course content than the syllabus designers. The students center their attention on how well they were taught and what they learned. So the questionnaire is effective in understanding if the course and the instructor are on the right track: An evaluation often points to problem identification rather than problem solution, and thus should be considered one part of a continuous process of examination, adaption, improvement and evaluation. (Examples and Research on the Use of Questionnaires) The students were asked to determine the appropriateness of the recommended texts and the proposed aims and purpose of the course content. These questions received favorable ratings from the students. Barring a single student all the students found the course content very interesting and relevant. ... Almost all the students rated the instructor very poorly. The report showed that there was lack of enthusiasm in the instructor's way of teaching and he did not provide sufficient illustrations while teaching which made some students lose interest in the course. Also the instructor made little effort in helping the students who had difficulty in the course. The use of aids though helpful was not sufficient in illustrating the course contents. As a result the course was not difficult for those who are expected to achieve higher grades. But for certain students who found the course content very interesting but were not expected to achieve higher grades, the lack of effective teaching methodology made it very difficult to understand the course content. The students were also asked open ended questions as to what changes in the curriculum or the teaching method would be more effective. Almost all of them suggested little or no changes in the course content. But as far as teaching was con cerned there were many comments and suggestions. Thus the questionnaire was helpful in pointing out where the weakness lay. It helped in determining the need for a change in teaching methodology and not the course content. A systematic program of evaluation of teaching staff is more than a management information system, because the focus is value, worth, merit, and effectiveness and an interactive communication network among the parties (teaching staff and administrators) is a crucial part of an evaluation program. (Examples and Research on the Use of Questionnaires) Recommendations by students Questions like encouragement of class discussions by the instructor received poor ratings. Similarly use of aids and personal help to

Requirement Model For Student Monitoring Systems

Requirement Model For Student Monitoring Systems The focus of this study is to get a good requirement model for Student Attendance Monitoring Systems (SAMS) in secondary school. It is aimed at system designer who want to know how to design an efficient SAMS. At the end of this study, a SAMS prototype will be designed based on the requirement model and also analyze user acceptance of this system. A generation ago, either in principle or in practice, attendance was not optional. Today, often in principle and almost in practice, it is optional (Romer, 1993). According to Lim, Sim and Mansor (2009), most educational institutions administrators are concerned about student irregular attendance. Shendell et al. (2004) defines it can affect student in overall academic performance. Romer (1993) found that attendance did contribute significantly to the academic performance of students. There are a slightly stronger relationship between attendance and performance. Also, Durden Ellis (1995) conclude that attendance does matter for academic achievement. Thus, it makes student attendance mandatory in schools (Romer, 1993), (Woltz, 1955). Yet, almost everyone noticed that attendance in schools is far from perfect (Romer, 1993). There have a lack of school attendance data and a lack of consistency in the definition and measurement of non-attendance (Bourke, Rigby Burden, 2000). Large schools are more likely to have problems with student attendance than small ones (Epstein Sheldon, 2002). Everyday, school staffs spends much time to handle students attendance. There are many problems when recording data manually (Richard, 2005). Sometimes, the attendances record books were missing. In real situation, it is hard for school staffs to search students record by looking at attendances record books one by one. School staffs usually spend much time to find the students record especially when there are many classes in the school. Furthermore, parents may miss to get any information or letter from schools when their children didnt attend to school. According to Epstein Sheldon (2002), high school staffs communications with parents about attendance can increased student attendance and reduced chronic absenteeism. Hence, by creating school attendance system is one of the best solutions to address this problem. The system should help school staffs to take attendance for student especially in secondary schools. It must make the process of taking the attendance easier, faster and secure as compared to conventional method. The conventional method of taking attendance by calling names or signing on paper is very time consuming, inefficient, and insecure (Ervasti, Isomursu, Kinnula, 2009), (Lim, Sim Mansor, 2009). It is a one way that helps teachers or school staffs reducing the taken time to carry out routine processes and enable them connected with parents by sending real-time information on their childrens attendance immediately if students are not-attended to school more than the limit. Thus, teacher have more time for teaching. (Ervasti, Isomursu, Kinnula, 2009). Problem Statement In schools, attendance is important and mandatory. Nowadays, due to enlarge of information technology environment, it is efficient to use School Attendance Monitoring System (SAMS) to manage attendance in secondary schools. In recent years, system designers have expands many ways and characteristics in design a good system. The problem of this study is to identify important characteristics to design a good SAMS, set up a requirement model, and build a prototype for testing user acceptance. The requirement model must meet the user needs, goals and constraints in order to determine the important feature, relations and design implications. The requirement must be specify clearly about what and how the SAMS should perform. Objectives To create a SAMSs requirement model for secondary school. To design and build a prototype of SAMS. To help other system developer within related area. Scope The study will be conducted within the Kampar district, Perak. All schools chosen for survey will be secondary schools only. Similarly, there are nine secondary schools in Kampar district (sample size). People who manage secondary school organizations are the only respondents of the study. The population is between 15 to 25 or more school staffs. The particular focus areas of the study would include attendance system which is already used in secondary schools. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Epstein Sheldon (2002), reducing the rates of student chronic absenteeism has been and continues to be a goal of many schools and school systems. In 1999, a student tracking system involving a database is being trialed in government and non-government schools Western Australia (Bourke, Rigby Burden, 2000). The student tracking system involved a set of processes, procedures and systems which can identify and monitor the location of students. In the Torres Strait schools, they used a system called Student Information Management System (SIMS). The SIMS provides a good quality data regarding student attendance. This computer-based system collates individual class attendance records on a weekly basis (Bourke, Rigby Burden, 2000). The relationship between staffs and parents was seen as vitally important by parents and principals. The student survey results indicated that attendance levels were significantly higher among students when teachers got in touch with their parents to talk about how they were going at school (Bourke, Rigby Burden, 2000). Therefore, in schools where students have attendance problems, school staffs may need to go beyond the school building to involve parents in reducing absenteeism (Epstein Sheldon, 2002). Hence, student attendance monitoring system should help school staffs and parents easy to communicate. There are varieties of opportunities for implementing IT in management education. Technology can be used to facilitate the display of information, to increase access to external explicit information, and to increase the sharing and construction of knowledge (Leidner Jarvenpaa, 1995) but some of the use of this technology is not yet widespread, efficient and practical for implementation of data management (Wayman, et. al., 2004). Implementation of an application system can present many unforeseen challenges. The first step toward implementing a student data analysis system should be to thoroughly assess the data, needs, and resources available to a school or district. The successful implementation is important for the long-term development of a data based decision-making climate (Wayman, et. al, 2004). Fig. 1 shows the model for integrated functional requirement which has been explained by Malet et al. (2007) Figure 1: Model for Integrated Functional Requirement In Fig. 1, functions can be linked with specific processes. The technical realization of functions takes place in these processes. Functions can also be related to specific positions in the product structure. As a result of linking the requirements with functions, functions to processes and the product structure, an indirect relation between requirements, processes and the product structure has been established (Malet et al., 2007). There are many views of softwares development or development process though that has evolved over the years. What follows is a brief discussion of the theories of the software development process that recently used today. The first formal description of the software development process model is published in 1970 by Winston W. Royce. Below is one of the software development processs model: Figure 2: Conceptual model of software development process According to Royce (1970), firstly, developer must analyze user requirements. After that, make requirement specifications by clearly set out necessary features of system based on user requirement. Then, developer can design a suitable solution and do implementation by develop the proposed solution. In addition, developer must test the system to ensure that the solution solves the original problem and works in context. Lastly, developer must maintain the system. METHODOLOGY Fig. 3 shows the requirement modeling process which has been explained by Malet et al. (2007) Figure 3: Requirement modeling process The first step is elicitation of requirements. The requirements will be based on collected data. The sites are the secondary school managing departments. The sampling frame will be based on the list of the secondary schools within area of Kampar district, Perak. The sample size will be nine secondary schools. The population is between 15 to 25 or more employees including principal, clerks, and teachers. The method of data collection is by questionnaire and interview. According to Creswell (1994), measurement instrument can helps in get a quantifiable data. A questionnaire will be given to each employee within the sampling to get employees personal details, personal experiences of using any school attendance system, problem with existing attendance system and an opinion or suggestion for the future systems developer. The purpose of the study and how to answer the questionnaire will be explained to the employees under study. During interview session, the informants will be selected ind ividuals within the sample employees who had an experience of using any school attendance system. The second step is analyzing the requirements. All user requirements will be investigated. The data will be analyzed and displayed using SPSS 16.00. The percentage, the mean and statistic formula (ANOVA) will be used when describing the data. It will be interpreted and translated into a form that suitable for other developer (sequence diagram, activity diagram, class diagram etc.). A requirement specifications model will be defined by clearly set out necessary features of SAMS. The third step is managing the requirements. In this step, a prototype of SAMS will be design and built based on user requirement model by using several types of tool such as Dreamweaver CS4, Photoshop CS4 and etc. The programming language that will be used for building the system is PHP. During this system development lifecycle, requirements might be change and evolve. These changes need to be tracked and traced (Malet et al., 2007). Lastly, the fulfillment of requirements needs to be validated with virtual or physical tests. A product is deemed successful (by means of satisfying the customer) if all requirements are fulfilled (Malet et al.,2007). SAMS will be tested to ensure that the solution solves the original problem and integrate the system to make sure that the solution will working in circumstance. The user acceptance testing will be done by choosing user randomly within the sample. Requirements modeling takes place in all phases of product development. More emphasis needs to be put on later development phases such as usage, recycling and maintenance. The knowledge gained in these phases, once included in the development process, can accelerate the development of new products (Malet et al.,2007). EXPECTED FINDINGS At the end of this study, the requirement model can help any system designers to design good SAMS for secondary schools. They will know how to design useful, usable and desirable SAMS such as in the system should contain the right functions, secure and must be user friendly. SAMS should contain all these basic needs of attendance system. Below shows the flow of Students Attendance Monitoring Systems (SAMS): 1 Record attendance 2 Check attendance 3 Process data 4 Save data 5 Send email Figure 4: The flow of Students Attendance Monitoring Systems (SAMS). SAMS should helps school staffs records students attendance, checks either student is present or absent, process the attendance data, save it and send an email to the parents if student was absent more than three days. SIGNIFICANCE The aimed of requirement model for Student Attendance Monitoring System (SAMS) is to help system designer in designing a good attendance system and also conduct them to develop the attendance system in the future. Attendance system are important because can gives many benefit to schools such as security on attendance, reduce work time on taking attendance and create connection between school staffs and parents. CONCLUSION There is no comprehensive and generally accepted manual on how to design good human factors into computer systems (Shackel, 1984) but there are a lot of guideline on how to design a system. However, this requirement model can guide any system designers who want straightly focus to design Student Attendance Monitoring System (SAMS). Creativity and innovation are required to make a great SAMS. The system should be usable. Usability consists of many pieces such as system performance, system functions, user interfaces organization and so on. REFERRENCES Bourke, C. J., Rigby, K., Burden J. (2000). Better Practice in School Attendance: Improving the School Attendance of Indigenous Students. Commonwealth of Australia. 1-62. Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Durden, G. C. Ellis, L. V. (1995). The Effects of Attendance on Student Learning in Principles of Economics, The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundredth and Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic association Washington, 85(2), 343-346. Epstein, J. L., Sheldon, S. B. (2002). Present and Accounted for: Improving Student Attendance Through Family and Community Involvement. Educational Research and Improvement. 95(5). 308- 318. Ervasti, M., Isomursu, M., Kinnula, M. (2009). Bringing Technology into School NFC-enabled School Attendance Supervision. ACM 978-1-60558-846-9 09 Leidner, D. E. Jarvenpaa S. L. (1995). The Use of Information Technology to Enhance Management School Education: A Theoretical View. MIS Quarterly: Special Issue on IS Curricula and Pedagogy, 19(3), 265-291. Lim, T. S., Sim, S. C. Mansor, M. M. (2009). RFID Based Attendance System, Symposium on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ISIEA 2009), 2, 778-782. Maletz, M., Blouin, J. G., Schnedl, H., Brisson, D., Zamazal, K. (2007). A Holistic Approach for Integrated Requirements Modeling in the Product Development Process. The Virtual Vehicle-Research Center, Graz, Austria. 1-10. Richard, L. (2005). Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Romer, D. (1993). Do Students Go to Class? Should They?. Journal of Economics Perspectives, 7(3), 167- 174. Royce, W. W. (1970). Managing the Development of Large Software Systems. Proceedings IEEE WESCON. 1-9. Shackel, B. (984). Information Technology: A challenge to ergonomics and design. Behaviour and Information Technology. 3. 263-275. Shendell, D. G., Prill, R., Fisk, W. J., Apte, M. G., Blake, D. Faulkner, D. (2004). Associations between Classroom CO2 Concentrations and Student Attendance in Washington and Idaho. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: LBNL Paper LBNL-54413. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/88r0924r Wayman, J. C., Stringfield, S., Yakimowski, M. (2004). Software Enabling School Improvement Through Analysis Of Student Data. Research on the Education of Students, 67. Woltz, C. K. (1955). Compulsary Attendance at School. Law and Comtemporary Problems. 20(1), 3-22.

Francios Rabelias Essay -- essays research papers

In Italy, early 1300s, a cultural movement began. This period of time is known as the Renaissance, an age of reborn interest in the arts. During this time artist emerged with paintings that recognized daily life, in contrast with paintings of holy and importain people just a few years earlier. Artist began to paint in three dimensions, writers began write satires, and they started blending their opinions into their stories. They became concerned with human welfare, humanism. “ Humanism was a program of study rather than a unified philosophy. It stressed the studia humanitatis, or humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric (the art of persuasive argument), poetry, history, and moral philosophy. It was designed to make the Christian well-rounded and virtuous. '; People like Michangelo, Leonardo da Vinchi, Lorenzo de Medici, Raphael,and St. Thomas More were humanists. They were concerned with human welfare, this is the reason why it is represented in there works. The one I am going to focus on is Francios Rabelias. Rabelias was a writer. Over time many of the information we have about him as been lost or destroyed. “We have most of his works, but it is believed there is more. '; Below I have listed a believed chronology of Rabelias, it may have inaccurate due the lack of information on Rabelias. “1494 Now the Generally accepted date of Rabelias’s birth, although at times it has been published back as far as 1483. Born at La Devini...

Classroom Analysis Essay

1.Why is a classroom a miniature of a greater society? A classroom is a miniature of a greater society because it is where all basic and formal learning begins; where all the proper and acquisition of knowledge takes place. It is a part of the society that engages in promoting and preparing learners for more and broader task, role and obligation.The teacher or professor plays the role of the leader/monarch, while the students are the citizens. The citizens are supposed to follow the rules and laws of the society (class) that the leaders (teachers) set. In every classroom, there are different kinds of people: Those who work hard, those who play hard, those who do both, those who do neither. In society, you also get these kinds of people. There will also probably be little cliques, in this case, representative of small groups in society. Then there are the high class, those who fly past everything without hitches, the middle class who get by, and the lower class who are really struggling to keep up with the coursework. The teacher may offe r remedial sessions, which can be compared to any welfare packages that the government decides to hand out. 2.What are found in the classrooms that are similar to what can be observed in society? It can found there the leader that serves as the teacher and the people serves as the students. All they do are similar with what can we see in the society. The teacher led the students to know about a certain thing that builds them to become a better individual; the same within a society a president, mayor, or a Brgy. Chairman leads its people to build a harmonious relationship among others. The Discussion and interaction among the learners and the teachers in promoting knowledge; unity, cooperation and creativeness in accomplishing given task and responsibilities; having a harmonious relationship on each and every member of the class and the facilities and equipment for learning and development.

The War Against Terrorism

Stan Mihaylov Dr. Reichert ENGL 1102 2/15/2011 The War against Terrorism Military actions are the greatest folly which mankind has ever created. Since the creation of the human race, there is a trend that the stronger nations impose their power and will over the weaker nations. If in ancient times wars were happening primarily to take on new territories and resources, it was sufficiently clear and justifiable for a whole nation to stand behind that idea. However, wars nowadays are provoked by vague and unjustifiable reasons.The modern world as I see it is against fighting in wars, but at the same time it spends huge amounts of money for the creation of weapons and military supplies. Today every nation imposes peace, but with a big army behind its back. The scars of the past few wars have not been erased yet – wars which have been called World Wars for their scale. World War I broke out in consequence of the poverty of one otherwise strong nation – Serbia, World War II h appened because of the ambition of one otherwise â€Å"normal† man who believed that the people with blonde hair and blue eyes are the dominant race.Unfortunately, these two are the most significant events for the whole 20th century. The century in which we live right now, the 21st century, will not remain bloodless either. The war of our century is only one, and it is called â€Å"The War against Terrorism. † What is actually terrorism? Terrorism is hatred to man and to mankind. Terrorism is a violent war against the civilians and its goal is to cause fear in the society and to attract the media’s attention. There is international terrorism as well as domestic terrorism.Domestic terrorism is when a single person or a group of people go out and kill random civilians. A good example of domestic terrorism is the Anthrax attacks in 2001 and the Texas cyanide bomb attack. Terrorists have changed the means by which they achieve their goals. Until 9/11 even the best s pecialists on terrorism couldn’t have guessed that the terrorists will use planes full of civilian passengers as missiles to take down the World Trade Centers. I will always remember that day 10 years ago when the terrorists killed more than 3000 people.I was back in Bulgaria, a year before me and my family moved to the United States. It was a beautiful afternoon around 5pm and I was watching TV when all of the sudden the show stopped and the World Trade Centers appeared on the screen. I was wondering what was going on and why they started showing the news, but soon enough I saw a plane hit a building. At first I thought it was an action movie but when the news journalist started talking about terrorist attacks on the United States, I understood what was happening.I will also never forget the thumping sound of people jumping off the buildings and hitting the ground. This was the clearest and also the scariest thing I remember from that sad day. The most natural reaction after the impact on the World Trade Centers is the declaration of war. War against what, against who? Terrorism is not a single person or a nation. The U. S. Millitary attacked a remote and poor country like Afghanistan, but very soon it appeared that the capture of the perpetrators of the attack is impossible. The United States, however, saw an opportunity to capture their oil reserves.Such a powerful country as the United States soon brought in the whole world into its own war but it calls it under a different name – â€Å"The War against Terrorism. † This put the start of a massive production of weapons and supplies. Just the United States alone spend more than $1. 8 billion a week against the fight with terrorism (Msnbc. com). Just a month after the terrorist attacks on 9/11, President George Bush created the first institution against terrorism called the Office of Homeland Security whose main objective is to prevent terrorist attacks.Can the war on terrorism ever be wo n? I think there is no way because â€Å"violence brings more violence. † This cliche is true, and it also uncovers the truth about the war against terrorism. It’s like trying to extinguish a fire using gasoline. The more violent the attacks against the terrorists, the more violent their revenge will be. The terrorists have many followers around the world. In the developing countries of the Middle East, the children learn to shoot a gun from a very young age, learn about the various explosives, as well as the electronic mechanisms used to make detonators.These abilities combined with the hatred for the west, and more specifically the United States, are a very dangerous combination for the making of a huge army of terrorists. They are willing to die for their cause. There are people who don’t appreciate their life. The death during a fight is their way to happiness. One of the many reasons for which terrorism exists is because the democratic, richer countries in the world try to push their views on the poorer Middle Eastern ones.The people in those countries don’t really have a point in life because no matter what they do, they will still be poor and that’s why they decide to take revenge and join the terrorist groups. They think that it’s some other country’s fault that they are in this situation which is not necessarily true. And because they have been told from young age that when they die they will go to a happier place, they don’t even hesitate about doing it. Children on both sides of the world are brainwashed from very young age.In the United States, children are told that the Middle Eastern countries are a bad and dangerous, whereas the children in the Middle East are told that the United States are the bad guys. The war against terrorism is a very harsh one because there are also countries which openly support the terrorist actions – Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Sudan, Syria, Afghanistan, etc. They su pply the terrorists with shelter, weapons, and financial aid. Another incident that shaped the way I see this war is when I saw a video how an U. S. Army helicopter attacked civilians in Iraq.The video caused a lot of chaos around the United States’ government because they wanted the world to think they were the good guys. The video basically showed how an American helicopter attacks civilians in Iraq, not terrorists. It was very graphic and when I watched it, I thought about how unforgiving war was. The terrorists killed a lot more civilians on 9/11 but is it right for the U. S. Army, which is supposedly on the â€Å"good side† to go and kill random people? I think this is where the mythic reality comes into play.The United States wants the world to think they are the good guys, and because of the attacks on 9/11 they accomplished that position. This gives the United States a reason to do whatever it wants with the civilians from the countries of the Middle East. Now don’t get me wrong, I am not saying that what the United States does is bad or wrong. If somebody attacks, and there is no way to solve things peacefully, war comes into play, but it wouldn’t it be a lot better if the U. S. Army was to seek the ones who arranged the attacks on 9/11, not some random civilians who have no idea what is going on?Terrorism is not just going on in the United States, it is a global thing in which involves almost every nation. After the attacks on 9/11, most of the airports around the world created stricter security rules. The recent attack on the airport in Moscow, Russia also killed more than 30 innocent people. It is not for sure if it was one of the Middle Eastern terrorist groups, but it was a terrorist act nonetheless. Schoen, John W. â€Å"How Much Is the War in Iraq Costing Us? † Msnbc. com. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. .

How to Make Blueprint Paper

How to Make Blueprint Paper Blueprint paper is a specially-coated paper that turns blue where it is exposed to light, while areas kept in the dark remain white. Blueprints were one of the first ways to make copies of plans or drawings. Heres how to make blueprint paper yourself. Blueprint Paper Materials 15 mL of 10% potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (potassium ferricyanide)15 mL of 10% iron(III) ammonium citrate solutionPetri dishWhitepaperTongs or small paintbrushSmall opaque object (e.g., coin, leaf, key) Make Blueprint Paper In a very dim room or in the dark: pour the potassium ferricyanide and iron(III) ammonium citrate solutions together into a petri dish. Stir the solution to mix it.Use tongs to drag a sheet of paper across the top of the mixture or else paint the solution onto the paper using a paintbrush.Allow the sheet of blueprint paper to dry, coated side up, in the dark. To keep the paper from being exposed to light and to keep it flat as it dries, it may help to set the wet sheet of paper on a larger piece of cardboard and cover it with another piece of cardboard.When you are ready to capture the image, uncover the top of the paper and overlay an ink drawing on clear plastic or tracing paper or else simply set an opaque object on the blueprint paper, such as a coin or key.Now expose the blueprint paper to direct sunlight. Remember: for this to work the paper must have remained in the dark until this point! If its windy you may need to weigh down the paper to keep the object in place.Allow the p aper to develop in the sunlight for about 20 minutes, then cover the paper and return to the darkened room. Thoroughly rinse the blueprint paper under cold running water. Its fine to have the lights on. If you do not rinse away any unreacted chemicals, the paper will darken over time and ruin the image. However, if all the excess chemicals are rinsed away, youll be left with a permanent colorfast image of your object or design.Allow the paper to dry. Cleanup and Safety The materials for making a blueprint (cyanotype) paper are safe to work with, but its a good idea to wear gloves since youll be working in the dark and might otherwise cyanotype your hands (turn them temporarily blue). Also, dont drink the chemicals. They are not particularly toxic, but they are not food. Wash your hands when you are done with this project.

Intercultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intercultural Communication - Essay Example What I have learned during the course on intercultural communication is that in today’s world of growing contacts in every part has resulted in effective communication among the people of different languages and cultures. In this present scenario, communication has got to be as positive as possible without any possibilities of breakdowns and misunderstandings. I believe that research on the characteristics of languages and similarities and differences in cultures will provide a definite outcome (Nasreen, â€Å"Some Views about Intercultural Communication†). The above pictures show the eating styles of two different cultures: the Western and the Arabic. In the Arabic countries, people dine in a different style than that of the people in England. In Arab countries, a carpet is first put on the floor where the people wish to dine. Then cushions are set on the carpet for the people to sit on. Instead of cushions, at times small stools are used for the purpose of sitting. Then placing the plates, glasses, cups and dishes on the carpet, they start dining (Fairfax Country Public School, â€Å"Arabic Upper Levels > Scientific and Creative Advancement†). In England, people eat in continental style where knives are placed in the right side and fork in the left. Moreover, there are number of eating etiquettes that they follow while dining in England. These etiquettes are taken as a rule of eating in England and the people put much emphasis to the table manners during dining (Barrow, â€Å"Acceptable Behaviour in England†). During our semester, I came across students of various cultures and groups and developed friendship with them in due course of time. When we used to have dinner in any of our Arabic friends’ place, we used to dine in the floor in their traditional manner. The dining style of my English friends was not new as this was considered as the standard style in the world. By

Individual report on the social marketing campaign (summative) and Essay

Individual report on the social marketing campaign (summative) and Group presentation on a social marketing campaign (summative - Essay Example Non smokers are also affected through passive smoking as they will be exposed to the risk of inhaling tobacco substances from the smokers. Thus, everyone has a responsibility to promote safe health among all the people. As such, this reflective report is primarily concerned with reviewing the following brief: â€Å"role of social marketing campaign in influencing behaviour change towards smoking.† The report seeks to critically discuss the main factors that can influence a successful social marketing campaign. In some instances, social marketing campaigns fail to achieve their objectives given that the marketers will overlook some of the important aspects that can lead to behaviour change towards smoking. Thus, the main weakness in the presentation of the brief above is that it did not meet the criteria of implementing a successful social marketing campaign and it is going to address the necessary procedures that can be taken in order to design and implement an effective commu nication campaign. Why social marketing? Social marketing is very effective in promoting behaviour change through the use of communication campaigns. ... gn is a purposive attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate behavioural changes in a well defined and large audience generally for non commercial benefits to the individuals and society at large by means of organised communication.† Tobacco smoke produces chemicals that can flow to every part of the body but the immediate effects of these chemicals may not be readily visible to the human eye in a short period of time which is the reason why some of the smokers end up developing what is termed cognitive dissonance. This is a situation whereby the smokers will find solace in the fact that they have been smoking for a long period but have never experienced illnesses related to this bad habit (Rice &Atkin 1989, as cited in McQuail 2000). However, the media play an important part since the campaign is intended to change the behaviour of the targeted audiences. In this particular case, there is need for the group to take into consideration the theories of communication and the media i n order to successfully implement the anti tobacco smoking campaign. For instance, the agenda setting theory in the media posits to the effect that the repeated conveyance of the message will be setting an agenda for the public (McQuail, 2000). In most cases, there is need for the marketers involved in the social marketing campaign to target the opinion leaders since these have greater influence on the behaviour of the targeted audiences. Individuals are more likely to be influenced by people who are similar to them while at the same time they will be perceived as more trustworthy than the strangers. Peer education which derives from this theory is effective in combating this particular problem whereby it can be noted that a particular group of targeted audience is likely to be influenced

Lens Crafters Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lens Crafters Case Study - Essay Example The value chain focuses on streamlining both the internal and external factors of the organization and improving on their human resource and product creation. Operation management activities are focused on ensuring an organization addresses specific issues affecting the organization by analyzing the effectiveness of each process undertaken by the organization (Tarun, 2012). Customer experience is improved by how effectively an organization handles both its external and internal operations. In creating an efficient operation administration scheme, one major impediment is creating an evenhanded system monitoring every operation. This could be solved by designing priorities in the operation within the association as Leitner & Sihn (2012) argue. An additional test is how effectual the changes in operation would manipulate customer awareness on an organization. This could be solved by enacting customer research approaches that would allow an organization understand the customer trends in terms of demand and opportunities. Lens Crafters value chain is effective in ensuring that the organization retains a significant competitive advantage in the market. The quality of the value chain has ensured Lens Crafters enjoy a comfortable market position in terms of customer satisfaction. The value chain mostly focuses on putting in place the right human resource team and creating customer satisfaction products. The value chain in Lens Crafters has enabled the organization to monitor and improve on its major operations. The most significant performance measurement strategy on the service delivery design would be consumer reaction and perception of the organization. This could be determined by analyzing the sales or consumer feedback on service delivery. Evaluation of sales and consumer feedback are most appropriate in gauging a service delivery design. The selection of sales numbers is based on the fact that sales depict the accurate consumer perception on a

Block Scheduling vs Periods Essay Example for Free

Block Scheduling vs Periods Essay A small debate has always been discussed when talking about block scheduling and traditional class periods. Some people like the longer classes while others prefer the traditional six shorter class periods. Everyone has their own opinions about block scheduling. Block scheduling can be really helpful to high school students in many ways. Although, block scheduling is a longer time spent in one class, it should be mandatory in all high schools rather than traditional class periods. Block Scheduling is more like college classes, rather than traditional six period classes. There are many ways to schedule with using the block method. One option is the alternating block schedule. Classes meet each day for ninety minutes. Four classes meet on A days, and four meet on B days, with days of the week alternating as A or B. The second method is the semester block scheduling. This allows students to attend just four classes for ninety minutes each day for an entire semester. The following semester students enroll in another four classes. These two methods are the most like college classes. It is good for high school students to experience and get used to the longer time spent in classes to prepare them for college. Block scheduling allows students to take more subjects and cover more material in one class. High school students need to prepare for the future and get used to the way college classes are organized and with the block scheduling they are sure to do that. With the six traditional class periods students only have forty-five to sixty minutes in each class before the bell signals for the next. By the traditional six classes they stay in the same subject all year around. Block scheduling gives two more extra classes to take because of the extra time (Schroth). Many high school students are involved in extracurricular activities at the school they attend. By using the block method, teachers can get most of everything they had planned finished in one class allowing extra time to do class work and students will not have as much homework. Only having four classes cut down on homework rather than six classes all year around. Block scheduling allows teachers to teach less students and can have relationships and get to know each student very well. Students can get direct help from the instructor and can learn more easily (Ediger). This is good for at risk students because it gives them a chance to just focus on a few subjects each semester rather than all year long. In some schools, block scheduling allows students to take dual enrollment at their local community college. By doing this, high school students can get a head start on college classes if they are able (Childers). Many opportunities to help academics can come from the block scheduling method. Block Scheduling allows students who fail a subject the first semester, to retake it the second semester. Many schools have seen test scores increase (Wilson). While students have more time to do daily work instead of homework, teachers have more time for their planning period. It allows more time for more in class projects and individual work between students and the instructor. Many teachers have said that with block scheduling, more discipline problems have decreased. Because traditional scheduling requires changing classes six times a day, students get more chances to start trouble between those classes. With block scheduling you’re only changing three times and there is a less chance of problems between classes (Wilson). Block scheduling does have its disadvantages just like traditional scheduling. Since students will not be going to class daily, some subjects might require drill and practice to stay refreshed on a student’s mind (Schroth). With classes being ninety minutes, students might get tired or bored with the subject they are in and ready to go to the next class. A bad instructor could cause students to not want to go to class for that long of a time. Block scheduling advantages outweighs its disadvantage. It prepares high school students for college. College classes are completely different than high school. Teachers have more time to prepare, teach and individually help each student in class. Discipline issues have decreased because of the less time spent in the hallways. The block method is great for all high schools and preparing students for the future.

Pectinase Production Techniques

Pectinase Production Techniques PECTINASE PRODUCTION ABSTRACT Pectin is found naturally in many plants. Pectinase enzyme has ability to break down pectin. Pectinase production has varying important needs industrially. Hence the production of pectin is important. Pectinase production has developed with the help of genetic engineering and novel strains. Production of alkaline pectinase is more important industrially than the normal pectinase. INTRODUCTION Pectin is structural heteropolysaccharide having esterification to galacturonic acid [1]. It forms aÃŽ ±-1, 4 glycosidic bonds with arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and xylose [1]. It is found in higher plants in the primary cell wall containing different composition of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses and proteins of microfibril that are cross linked which forms the hard tissue structure shape [1]. Pectinase is breaking down of pectin substances by enzymes [1]. It can be divided into different types like pectin esterases, pectin hydrolases, protopectinase and pectin lyases [1]. It can also be divided into alkaline and acid pectinase [1]. Pectin production has become industrially important because of its variety of applications like papermaking, extraction of natural products, textile degumming, juice extraction and clarification and so on [1]. Pectin is observed in plants in middle lamella and primary cell wall. Pectin has a characteristic of gelation which can be divided into high and low methoxy gelation. In 1825 scientist Henri Braconnot first isolated pectin. PECTINASE PRODUCTION USING: GENETIC ENGINEERING The generation of alkaline pectinase through genetic engineering takes place as follows. The first step is the chromosomal DNA separation from a strain used for producing alkaline pectinase, primer designing, and use of PCR to obtain target gene recombinant plasmid construction, Bacillus Subtilis as means of expression, gene sequence measurement and comparative analysis [2, 7, and 8]. By using this method the enzyme activity of the engineered bacteria in the fermentation liquid increased 22 times compared to normal starting strain and the yield achieved was 330U/ml [2]. After optimizing various culture conditions, the enzymatic activity of genetically engineered bacteria is 758.7825U/ml which is 50 times better than using original strain from Luria Bertani fermented media [8]. NOVEL STRAIN Sometimes micro-organisms strain having unique characteristic are used for pectinase production for maximum growth example Aspergillus niger give rise to novel acid pectinase PEC 2 [1]. Consider the strain Penicillium verruculosum TS63-9 have a gene sequence ITSrRNA which makes it useful in production [3]. During fermentation crude enzyme liquid is obtained which is then applicable for production of tobacco [3]. In another case novel strain like Paenibacillus is used for the production of alkaline pectinase [4]. The production takes place in such a way that paenibacillus SJN-PL0602 is first inoculated in the fermentation broth to get initial system of which OD 600 is 0.05 -0.15 [4]. The main fermentation shake cultivation takes place in two phase; in first at 30 -370C for 8 -12 hrs and in second phase at 22 – 260 C for 36- 40 hrs [4]. Red algae or brown red algae were used for the production of ultra pectinase as clearing agents for wine and juices, sometimes ultrapectinase are also extracted from seaweed or waste liquor discharged from seaweed [6].Bacillus subtilis was used for alkaline pectinase production in paper making industry [7]. Pichia pastoris GS115 is also used for alkaline production [9]. Bacillus cereus is used for industrial production of pectinase [10]. UNIQUE PROTEIN For the production of alkaline pectinase a protein Pel N having unique amino acid sequence was used [5]. This protein has enzyme activity of 4590 – 4950 U/mg for degrading polygalacturonic acid, has better heat stability and heat preservation of 120 min at 450C gives 90% of relative heat stability [5]. The optimum temperature is 650 C and p H value of 9.8 [5]. ULTRA PECTINASE The production of ultra pectinase was done in order to replace pectinase and it is nonbiological [6]. Since pectinase is used as clarifying agent it was necessary to replace pectin on industrial scale [6]. The major advantage of ultra pectinase are the raw material are cheap, low investment, process takes place without heating, product output is higher, impurities are isolated, less moisture content is les and it takes place in less than 30 mins than the traditional method of 48 mins [6]. ALKALINE PECTINASE The general steps that are followed during the production of alkaline pectinase the bacterial strain are selected for selective breeding, these strains are cultured, fermentation takes place through shaking and the enzyme liquid preparation takes place [2, 7, and 8]. The production of alkaline pectinase has optimized the culture condition method and they are; the fermentation medium is optimized by taking a single fact experiment, the target strain is optimized by using methods of response surface to get strain of target, the culture condition in the medium is optimized so that the fermentation condition for the target strain is optimized [8]. In a same way nucleotide sequence of alkaline pectinase pel1685s is optimized, this is done by amplification using PCR, transformation and ligation of the pel168 gene [9]. Industrial production of pectinase also takes place in same way as production of alkaline pectinase for high enzyme activity [10]. It’s an advantage in for having high enzyme activity for industrial pectinase production; fermentation period is short, cost is low, time taken is short and stable [10]. APPLICATION OF PECTINASE PRODUCTION Pectin as an enzyme is used industrially for various application some of the specific areas are as follows: Papermaking pulping After pickling treatment the raw material is soaked with alkaline pectinase. The chemical extract prepared has favorable strength and property, after bleaching and chlorine treatment the plump has whiteness of 80-90%, there is 20-40% decrease in alkali consumption and the cost of production is also decreased 20% [7]. Degumming When pectin is used for fiber blast degumming there is about 80% waste reduced, the ration of the finished is about 65%, the ratio of fiber dispersion is 100%there is almost no fiber strength destruction, also the defect in gum ratio is low, the time taken for degumming is also less [10]. Juice making and clarification Pectin is normally found in most of the fruits. Pectin is used in juice clarification in the following way plant material to be provided, plant material need to be chopped and crushed into smaller pieces, taking this small piece and contacting it with pectinase with further clarifies the juice [11]. Also sometimes low temperature pectinase are generated for the production of apple juice. Penicillium aculeatum is used for the generation of low temperature pectinase with the help of shaddock peel powder which acts as a carbon source for clarification of fresh apple juice. The medium used for fermentation is as follows anhydrous CaCl2 0.01%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2%, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 0.2% , peptone 0.5-2% and shaddock peel powder 0.5-2% the p H of medium is maintained at 5.5. a clear apple juice is obtained with the help of fermentation condition like time taken is 75-147 hrs, the inoculums size is 2%, the temperature is maintained at 300 C, the speed of rotation at 3-30 rpm. In these conditions the pectinase of low temperature react with the apple juice at 100, 200 and 300 for 2 hrs to give clarified apple juice [12]. Processing of soybean Pectinase produced by organism bacillus is used in soybean production. The processes takes place in such a way that first the soaking of soybean in water takes place which is further steamed, cooled and allowed to react with pectinase. This is held for some time period agitated further for enzyme treatment. Now slurry is generated from that single cell of soybean is taken and dispersed and the pectinase is inactivated. It is further dried to get soybean powder [13]. CONCLUSION Different production methods of pectinase have been studied. The super or ultra pectinase production method for clearing agents in juices using seaweeds. The use of genetically engineered bacteria for the production of alkaline pectinase and the different optimization methods of culture conditions for the production. The nucleotide sequence used for the production of alkaline pectinase is also optimized. The applications of pectinase especially in the papermaking industry. The production of low temperature pectinase in juice clearing at low temperatures. Specific gene code, nucleotide and protein used for the production of pectinase are used for industrial production of alkaline pectinase.

The Public Market - Company Managers Should be Public Actors Rather than Private Agents :: Public Administration Economics

The Public Market - Company Managers Should be Public Actors Rather than Private Agents ABSTRACT: The marketplace as an institution enjoys widespread popularity today. Many economists hold that most of society’s problems could be best solved by applying the market mechanism to them. Government, by contrast, is widely considered to be a problem rather than a solution. Some would like to see the government restructured along market lines so that policies would follow voter choice, as products follow that of consumers. Some, myself included, believe that a world in which all relationships are rendered matters of private choice would lack the "public happiness" that comes from participation in public discourse and concerted action. In this paper I address what it would mean for the market to be truly public. A market that is truly public will discourage speculative investment so that managers of various firms can concentrate on the long term good of creating a social institution through which the concerted efforts of various stakeholders are coordinated. In this way, stakeholders can enrich the world through their work. The market as an institution enjoys widespread popularity today. It is held by many economists, those of the Chicago School especially, that all social problems — crime, education, health care, and discrimination — are solvable by use of the market mechanism. (1) Politics and government, by contrast, are considered by many to be problems rather than solutions. Some today even seek public office precisely to prevent government from carrying on its functions, because they and their constituencies have lost faith in government and public life. These "conservatives" believe that "privatizing" government functions, by replacing public initiatives and agencies with private firms, will establish new freedom for people to act on market choices rather than to acquiesce in laws and administrative decisions reached through the political process. Others would reconstitute government in a more market-like way, so that political deliberation and decision should follow from "public ch oices" as merchandisers follow the tastes and preferences of customers. For "public choice" theorists, as well, the public character of politics should be replaced by the private decisions of voters/consumers on the options presented them by their erstwhile leaders. (2) The public character of life is being lost. Our society is being structured by the choices of citizens concerned with themselves and their families and acquaintances, rather than with the larger public, which is increasingly but an aggregate of private persons anyway.

Culturally, We Are Becoming More Similar Across the Globe

â€Å"Culturally, we are becoming more similar across the globe† Introduction Apart from complicated definitions of the term â€Å"globalization†, the matter requires focusing on a simple explanation of this concept. Indeed, globalization is recognized as an ongoing process that accompanies with it, noticeably, certain challenges, such as a wide range of integrated communities, regional economics, and cultures, through a wide range of communication and trading. However, still the argument by all experts is corresponding to the theme whereas globalization provides similarity for individuals or not, at the cultural space.This paper articulates an in-depth discussion of this theme. 1- Globalization Even though, globalization may be defined economically as a new integration of the entire global economies through the capital flows, migration, trading, technical spread, and basically foreign direct investment. 2- Culture and Globalization Despite the fact that there are recen tly ongoing political, economic and even cultural uniformitarian of the world, relativism has been raised to the very urgent issues of a philosophical agenda, along with many other various disciplines.There is still the question, which is puzzling that all thoughts related to the concept of whether there is an extension of cultural diversity influence the products and activities of social and philosophizing science or not (Steger, 2009). The opponents of global similarity built their vision on the importance of citizenship, even though the entire world became such a small village. To maintain citizenship reflects the fact of regular movements in many countries, simply to gain rights, and those different rights from other nations.National citizenship has its power and calls for the rights of citizens (Aronowitz, 2003). Lechner (2004), states that one can consider the year 1989 as a representation of citizenship. Even recently, many national movements call for acquiring the full citiz enship, which reflects more rights, responsibilities, and dignities. An example of the global movements is the Arab Spring Revolutions. Globalization, it has took off in 1989 when the exponential growth in the analyses of the global universe began to call for a putative global reconstitution of political, economic, and cultural relationships as well.It has reflected the fact that people were living in a global village, as the struggles for citizenship have brought instantaneously and was living into their various homes (Krishna, 2008). Indeed, the struggles for the citizenship has been seen in the fall of the Berlin Wall along with the crushing of the Pro-Democracy movement in China, were transmitted through the communication systems of global media. 3- Role of Media Indeed, this term, â€Å"New Media† has been defined according to many theories and opinions.Notwithstanding, there are regular debate over its impact and the convergence. To sum up, both â€Å"New Media† and â€Å"Digital Revolution† have been employed interchangeably. Looking at the first term, new media, simply, indicates to profound changes, especially in the electronic communications, which back to 1980s, whereas digital revolution indicates to the influence of this rapid drop in the involved cost and as well this rapid expansion of digital devices’ power, such as telecommunications and computer.Additionally, this change brought with it certain increasing globalization, social and technological transformations, and mainly, these changes in the way by which persons can see themselves and the surrounded world. Most importantly, this rapid change of technological revolution brings with it many challenges, especially which are corresponding with generating social changes focusing on these implicit virtues, values, and vices that are possessed by this rapid changed technology. With the highest change of technological revolution, U.S. A. could evolve with cultural relati vism along with being included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. One more critical point here needed to be clarified. This challenge indicated to the transformation of the elements of cultural relativism. From this theme, U. S. A could expand its power to justify its universalistic ideology. This in turn, involved enhancing, civilizing, and as well liberating the indigenous human in an imperious extension. This is seen obviously in the economical policy of United States in Middle East.Despite all of the dark events and contradicts faced by cultural relativism, it must be put into consideration and again, with in-depth awareness that unlike any of the old generals, the arguments of cultural relativism neither fade away nor die (Dascal, 1991). Again, according to Dascal (1991), there is a necessity of deriving the new future of the theory from the frequently committed fallacy of confusion of cultural relativism with any other cultural diversity or variability.The second ca n be derived from the clear fact that recently there is not just one type of cultural relativism, but instead there are three types. These types must be considered widely when we are interested in adding to the future of cultural relativism. Those types of descriptive, epistemological and normal must be re-designated under the same term to avoid any further confusion. Those three types are not mere analytical acts that are separated, but they are considered historically distinct.The latter element must explicate any adverted results of epistemological relativism to assist this contemporary type of the theory, cultural relativism for more acts anthropologically and full of researches as well (Dascal, 1991). Again, apart from hard criticism of the wrong attitude of this ad, there is still hopefully, a positive evidence that old prejudices are fading with the introduction of each new generation to the rightful thinking, slowly eliminating old habits, thoughts, and actions that have bee n accepted for far too long.Back to the human rights’ principles, still media needs to play strongly, its role in clarifying those principles obviously. Even though, cultural relativism included certain methodological and epistemological claims, which could be found easily in the aforesaid ad; the principle of cultural relativism should not be confused with the ideas of moral relativism, which advocated the theme of claiming relatively to historical, cultural, social, or personal circumstances.Internet, the global money markets, the world travel, the globally recognized brands, the globally organized corporations, and the global celebrities’ living, etc†¦all have spoken of new modes of the social experience, which transcend each nation-state plus to its constitution of the national citizen (Mittelman, 2004). When everyone is seeking to be an actual citizen of the existing national society or to establish his own national society, the term globalization has appeare d to be changing what it is supposed to be a citizen (Ritzer & Atalay, 2010).Globalization appears to involve certain weakening of the social power and such a corresponding development of what is called ‘post-national’ citizenship. Most of the national citizenships are nowadays losing their required grounds to the model of membership, which should be universal and unique. Such a model should include membership, which is located within the increasing of territorialized nations of the extra universal rights of individuals. This post-national citizenship is, particularly, connected with the uest working's growth across various societies, greater global interdependence, which can overlap the memberships of different categories of citizenship. The emergence of universalistic conceptions and rules regarding all human rights have been formalized by all international laws and codes (Smith, 2002). Even though, according to Aronowitz (2003), the contemporary citizenship is known as loosely ‘post-modern’. In fact, there is no modern rational-legal state at all, particularly with any clear monopoly of power, which can be able to deliver unambiguous duties and rights to its citizens who may appear such a nation of strangers.Most importantly, and as mentioned by Krishna (2008), the global processes restructure certain social inequalities, while they are transforming many states into those ‘regulators’ of flows. In addition, brands, corporations, NGOs and many of multi-national ‘states’ have emerged more powerful than mere nation-states. Communities, such as Chinese, have developed no coterminous with the nation states' boundaries. This huge growth of post-national citizenship stem from a wide processes and many institutional arrangements, which are stretching within completely different communities.The result is there is huge variety of citizenships that are emerging in the present world (Lechner, 2004). Many examples of d eveloping of that putative global citizenship, which can be articulated from the global media attitudes. Looking at the global mass media, one can figure out its consideration of citizenship as having necessitated certain symbolic resources, which have been distributed through different means of communication. There is an obvious theme of cultural citizenship, which is corresponding to the rights of all social groups, such as age, ethnic, gender, and sexual to full cultural participation within their communities.As to responsibilities and duties of global world, there is a theme, which demonstrates a stance of cosmopolitanism towards many other cultures, environments, and other citizens (Ritzer, 2010). Such cosmopolitanism involves either consuming such environments across the globe completely or even refusing to so consume those environments. Media plays its role professionally in this regard, while it is producing certain images as well as information, which provide solid means by which nature has come to be recognized as seriously threatened has become such a widely shared belief recently.Dramatically, the existence of the global networks and the huge flows can involve curious hybrids of the once-separate private and public spheres. The result will be an increase overlap between the private and public spheres, therefore on the other hand, between great issues of citizenship along with the nature of the contemporary consumerism (Macionis & Plummer, 2012). Most preciously, culture and cultural policies that crisscross the private and public spheres are however, representing challenges of citizenship. ConclusionGlobalization accompanies new themes, which may be contradicted with original culture and principles of citizens. Many appeals within the recent global media are interested strongly with the development of a sense of planetary responsibility, instead of that responsibility for certain locales. This is considered, relatively a new notion and, particularl y one, which appears to distinguish all humans from other known species. The previous citizenships have been focused on antagonism between humans who are inside and those others who are outside, upon defining those non-citizens, the other, or those enemies.This reflects, simply, the fact that no similarity through the globe at all. References Aronowitz, S. (2003) Implicating empire: globalization and resistance in the 21st century world order, Basic Books. Dascal, M. (1991) Cultural Relativism and Philosophy: North and Latin American Perspectives, Leiden: BRILL. Krishna, S. (2008) Globalization and postcolonialism: hegemony and resistance in the twenty-first century, Rowman & Littlefield. Lechner, F. (2004) The globalization reader, Wiley-Blackwell. Macionis, J. & Plummer, K. , 2012, Sociology: A Global Introduction. th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, pp 165-169. Mittelman, J. (2004) Whither globalization? : the vortex of knowledge and ideology, Routledge. Ritzer, G. 201 0, Globalization: A Basic Text, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp243-276. Ritzer, G. & Atalay, 2010, Readings in Globalization: Key concepts and Debates, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp307-424. Smith, J. (2002) Globalization and resistance: transnational dimensions of social movements, Rowman & Littlefield. Steger, M. 2009: Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp71-83.